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We estimate annual forecasts to the Colombian Government's total revenues and total expenditures, using temporal aggregation methodology. Particularly, we use monthly data (high frequency data) to estimate a SARIMA model for each account, then we apply the Silvestrani and Veredas(2004) temporal aggregation technique to obtain an annual equivalent Data Generating Process (DGP). Two different forecast methods are compared: i) adding twelve-steps-ahead forecasts from the high frequency DGP and ii) estimating a one-stepahead forecast from the low frequency (annual) DGP. We found that the aggregation technique improves the accuracy of the deficit forecasts. Furthermore, this methodology allows updating the annual forecasts as soon as new monthly data available. Finally, we discuss the applications of this methodology in the private and public sector's budgeting process.

Aid is said to be fungible at the aggregate level if it raises government expenditures by less than the total amount. This happens when the recipient government decreases domestic revenue, decreases net borrowing, or when aid bypasses the budget. This study makes three contributions to both fungibility and fiscal response literature. First, fungibility at the aggregate level is re-examined on a bigger recent panel dataset, distinguishing between short- and longterm impact of aid. The results indicate that aid is partly fungible in the long run and highly fungible in the short run. Second, to account for aid bypassing the budget, technical cooperation is used as a proxy for off-budget aid. Off-budget aid is found to be non-fungible and on-budget aid is partly fungible. Third, fungibility of bilateral and multilateral aid is analysed: the results indicate lower fungibility of multilateral aid.

AbstractThis study examines the impact of further expansion in government spending in Nigeria for the period of 1970–2016. Using a simulation analysis, the model divides the economy into five blocks which corresponds with five key sectors: government, price, supply, external, and monetary/financial sectors of the economy. The simulation scenario involves the average annual increase in total government expenditure, based on the projections of the Economic Recovery and Growth Plan (ERGP) of the Federal Government of Nigeria. The results reveal positive and negative shocks across the sectors. Specifically, the results indicate that the policy fuels the growth of non‐oil output/export and real gross domestic product, suggesting the sensitivity of output to government expenditure. It further reveals a generally positive reaction from the monetary/financial sector variables, worsens inflationary pressure and exchange rate volatility crisis, while the manufacturing sector output also witnesses a significant fall. This study concludes that fiscal expansion in the form of public expenditure would yield a positive impact on the various sectors of the Nigerian economy, and that it would particularly serve as a veritable tool for achieving the diversification drive of the government. Overall, the study confirms the relative efficacy of fiscal policy in Nigeria. The study recommends sustained increase in government expenditure vis‐a‐vis fiscal discipline via the institutionalised regulatory framework. The economy should also be consciously diversified from oil to a non‐oil‐based economy.

In this study we estimate the income elasticity of spending on different healthcare services and medication in Russia, taking into account the non-linear relationship between income level and expenditure. We employ the RLMS-HSE data, 2006-2017, to estimate the elasticities at household level. Our findings show these elasticities have not changed over the years. Additionally, we show that low-income and high-income households demonstrate different levels of elasticities, which is consistent with the fact that healthcare is less affordable for the poor. The study confirms that healthcare and medication are close to luxury level for low-income households and drugs are almost income inelastic for rich households. The results could help to reveal which services are the least affordable for the population.

This chapter has two objectives. First, it places public expenditure management (PEM) in the broader context of the role of the state, good governance, macroeconomic policy, and the changing environment (especially in information and communication technology). To view PEM only through a technical prism would fundamentally distort the picture. Second, the chapter provides a quick run-through of the entire expenditure management cycle. This chapter can therefore serve as a map of the book for the thorough reader, as well as a standalone sketch of the key issues for the busy public official (who should also read the last section of the concluding chapter 17). For both types of readers, we hope this brief overview will at least bring home the point that the management of public expenditure is neither a purely technocratic issue nor suitable for simple quick fixes, on the one hand, yet is always amenable to some practical improvement, on the other.

This chapter has two objectives. First, it places public expenditure management (PEM) in the broader context of the role of the state, good governance, macroeconomic policy, and the changing environment (especially in information and communication technology). To view PEM only through a technical prism would fundamentally distort the picture. Second, the chapter provides a quick run-through of the entire expenditure management cycle. This chapter can therefore serve as a map of the book for the thorough reader, as well as a standalone sketch of the key issues for the busy public official (who should also read the last section of the concluding chapter 17). For both types of readers, we hope this brief overview will at least bring home the point that the management of public expenditure is neither a purely technocratic issue nor suitable for simple quick fixes, on the one hand, yet is always amenable to some practical improvement, on the other.

Abstract. Nigerian data covering 1981 to 2018 were applied to affirm Wagner's law with respect to the five different models. The significance of this paper is to establish whether there exists a relationship between total government expenditures and the Nigerian economy. To accomplish the objective of this paper, data were sourced from the Central Bank of Nigeria statistical bulletin of various years. Several statistical and econometric tests were conducted. The results obtained revealed that there exists positive and statistical significance as well as a long-run relationship between the variables employed in the various models and that Wagner's law was held to exist in the Nigerian economy in the timeframe of the study. It is therefore, recommended that the Nigerian government should improve her sources of income in order to satisfy the increasing demand of her people now and in the future.Keywords. Wagner's law, Total government expenditures, Real GDP.JEL. H11, H50, C13, C22.

... to be defrayed from revenue funds and from loan funds during the year ending June 30, 1973 : pres. to Parliament of Rhodesia 1972. - 1972. - V,162 S. - 33072S.; ... for the year ending June 30, 1974 : pres. to Parliament of Rhodesia 1973. - 1973. - IV,165 S. - 33073S.; ... for the year ending June 30, 1975 : pres. to Parliament of Rhodesia 1974. - 1974. - V,155 S. - 33074S

There is much debate at present about trends in public expenditure. The recent Green Paper on the longer-term outlook for public spending describes how public expenditure has risen faster than GDP in the past and raises the question whether total public spending need grow at all, in real terms, in future although the growth of GDP is projected at over 2 per cent a year. This article is not intended to offer any normative comment on future policy for government spending. Its purpose is to describe some preliminary results of a study of the growth of government spending and its relationship to GDP in the United Kingdom; it also makes some comparisons, in rather broad terms, of the experience of this country with that of some other countries.