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Assertions regarding the typically brief tenure of city managers -- i.e., the time from appointment until departure -- generally are based either on anecdotes or on a statistic seemingly ill-suited to that purpose. Rather than focusing on the length of service from beginning to end, the commonly used survey statistic reports the average length of service among local government managers in their current post so far. In this longitudinal study, the authors examine the completed service records of 364 managers serving 118 cities during 1980-2002. Average completed tenures are compared with cross-sectional tenure statistics reported for city managers. Despite a different basis of calculation & a different interpretation of tenure, the average completed tenure of city managers in this study was identical coincidentally to the cross-sectional, service-so-far number reported most recently by the International City/County Management Association: 6.9 years. The authors contend that the dual meanings of average tenure are distinct from one another, despite the coincidental equality in this study, & that assertions regarding one meaning of the term should not be supported using statistics drawn from the other. 2 Tables, 2 Figures, 30 References. Adapted from the source document.

Gary Swanson worked in land administration for the Northern Territory Government from May 1978 to retirement in January 2005. This document was produced to preserve corporate memory of a significant period of time in the history of the Department of Lands. The land administration reforms that occurred post self government were visionary and contributed greatly to the economic development of the Northern Territory. ; Date:2013

Debates between advocates of the two major alternative forms of electoral system often proceed at cross-purposes. In parliamentary systems, governments not only wield executive power, they strongly influence the agenda of the legislature and in some cases dominate it. The core literature on electoral systems focuses almost entirely on the relations between vote shares and legislative seat shares, leaving government formation aside. Yet the main debate about democratic accountability focuses on representative government, of which a representative legislature is at most only one part.

As an alternative to the concept of proportional representation, according to which the legislature should reflect the opinions of the voters, the concept of proportional tenure, according to which the executive should reflect these opinions, is proposed. This criterion is applied to electoral data from 18 countries from 1945 to 1980. It is found that neither proportional representation nor plurality-majority parties meet it very well. Proportional representation systems favor small centrist parties at the expense of large extreme parties. Three types of constitutional-electoral arrangements may be introduced to make government tenure more proportionate: proportionate tenure in each government that is formed; proportionate tenure by consecutive governments; & majoritarian proportionate tenure, in which the largest party forms the government for a period proportionate to its share of the popular vote. 2 Tables, 1 Figure, 1 Appendix, 10 References. Modified HA