Suchergebnisse

A generous endowment of natural resources should favour rapid economic and social development. The experience of countries like Angola and Iraq, however, suggests that resource wealth often proves a curse rather than a blessing. Billions of dollars from resource exploitation benefit repressive regimes and rebel groups, at a massive cost for local populations. This Adelphi Paper analyses the economic and political vulnerability of resource-dependent countries; assesses how resources influence the likelihood and course of conflicts; and discusses current initiatives to improve resource governance in the interest of peace. It concludes that long-term stability in resource-exporting regions will depend on their developmental outcomes, and calls for a broad reform agenda prioritising the basic needs and security of local populations.

The European Convention on Human Rights was drafted in the wake of World War II. The dark shadows of war have never fully receded from Europe however. Armed conflict has resurged time and again, from Northern Ireland to Cyprus and Turkey, and from the former Yugoslavia to the Caucasus. This book focuses on the margins of conflict: human rights aspects of transitions from peace to armed conflict and vice versa. Firstly, it seeks to explore what limits human rights put on European societies which are on the brink of armed conflict. Secondly, it surveys the consequences of human rights violations committed during the armed conflict by looking at the aftermath of war. In a stimulating way, experts in their field offer food for thought on a broad range of material and especially procedural issues such as the territorial scope of the Convention, states of emergency, freedom of expression and conflict escalation, obligations relating to enforced disappearances, interim measures, and pilot judgments. Taken together, they reflect both the potential and limitations of human rights in the run-up to conflicts and their aftermath

First published in 1999.

Preliminary Materials /L. Perna -- Chapter I. The Evolution Of The Concept Of Non-Internationa Armed Conflicts In Early Times /L. Perna -- Chapter II. From The Lieber Code Of The Drafting Of Common Article 3 Of The Geneva Conventions: The Rise Of International Law Concern /L. Perna -- Chapter III. The Evolution In The Elements Shaping The Treaty /L. Perna -- Chapter IV. 1949-1980: Protocol II Additional To The Geneva Conventions Of 1949 And The Conventional Weapons Convention /L. Perna -- Chapter V. 1980-The Present: A Dramatic Increase In The Number Of Treaty Law Rules Applicable In Non-International Armed Conflicts /L. Perna -- Chapter VI. Reaching An Agreement To Criminalizing The Violations Of The Rules Of Law Applicable In Non-International Armed Conflicts: The Statute Of The International Criminal Court (Icc) /L. Perna -- Conclusions /L. Perna -- Index /L. Perna.

1 The private security industry uncovered1.1 History of private military actors in international relations; Private force in twelfth- to seventeenth-century Europe; The first shift away from mercenary use: state troop exchange; The second shift away from mercenary use: citizen armies; Private force in the twentieth century; Lessons from history; 1.2 Objections to private force, mercenaries and modern PMSCs; Lack of attachment to a cause; Fighting outside the citizen-state military relationship; Fighting outside state control; The hiring state's lack of control over PMSC activities.

Central Asia is likely to become a new arena of international interest in the twenty-first century, not least because of its volatile cocktail of abundant oil and gas, Islamic Jehadist groups, dictatorial regimes and the political and economic rivalry of the United States, Russia, China and Iran. Some believe that it could become the "new Middle East"--A battleground for access to precious resources, religious fundamentalism and democratic politics. Narcotics, ethnic tensions and impoverished states with weapons of mass destruction further add to the region's instability. Oil, Islam and Confl