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The chapter examines the role of geospatial data in Russia's online ecosystem. Facilitated by the rise of geographic information systems and user-generated content, the distribution of geospatial data has blurred the line between physical spaces and their virtual representations. The chapter discusses different sources of these data available for Digital Russian Studies (e.g., social data and crowdsourced databases) together with the novel techniques for extracting geolocation from various data formats (e.g., textual documents and images). It also scrutinizes different ways of using these data, varying from mapping the spatial distribution of social and political phenomena to investigating the use of geotag data for cultural practices' digitization to exploring the use of geoweb for narrating individual and collective identities online.

This book highlights advanced applications of geospatial data analytics to address real-world issues in urban society. With a connected world, we are generating spatial at unprecedented rates which can be harnessed for insightful analytics which define the way we analyze past events and define the future directions. This book is an anthology of applications of spatial data and analytics performed on them for gaining insights which can be used for problem solving in an urban setting. Each chapter is contributed by spatially aware data scientists in the making who present spatial perspectives drawn on spatial big data. The book shall benefit mature researchers and student alike to discourse a variety of urban applications which display the use of machine learning algorithms on spatial big data for real-world problem solving

The NCSU Libraries is partnering with the North Carolina Center for Geographic Information and Analysis on a three-year project to collect and preserve at-risk digital geospatial data resources from state and local government agencies. This project is being conducted under a cooperative agreement with the Library of Congress in conjunction with the National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program. Although the effort will focus solely on North Carolina, it is expected to serve as a demonstration project for other states. Targeted resources include digitized maps, geographic information systems (GIS) data sets, and remote sensing data resources such as digital aerial photography. State and local agencies frequently offer more detailed and up-to-date geospatial data than federal agencies. However, these entities are by definition decentralized, and their dissemination practices focus almost exclusively on providing access to the most current data available, rather than any older versions. The project partners will develop a digital repository architecture for geospatial data through use of open source software tools such as DSpace and emerging metadata standards such as Metadata Encoding and Transmission Standard (METS). In addition, the partners will investigate application of emerging Open Geospatial Consortium specifications for data interoperability in the archive development process. Specific technical and organizational challenges will be discussed.

Intro -- Contents -- List of Tables -- List of Figures -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 1 -- Introduction -- 1.1. Background -- 1.2. REDD+ An Overview -- 1.2.1. What Is REDD+? -- 1.2.2. Phased Approach -- 1.3. Objectives -- 1.4. Book Outline -- Chapter 2 -- Cambodian Forest -- 2.1. Geography and Climate -- 2.2. Forest Resources -- 2.3. Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Cambodia -- 2.4. Forest Concession Management in Cambodia -- 2.5. Community Forest Management -- 2.6. REDD+ in Cambodia -- Chapter 3 -- Forest Cover Monitoring Based on Full Polarimetric PALSAR Data -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Study Area -- 3.2.1. Land Cover Map of the Study Area -- 3.3. Methodology -- 3.3.1. Polarimetric Decompositions -- 3.3.2. Cloude-Pottier Decomposition -- 3.3.3. Target Decomposition Theorem of Freeman and Durden (1998) -- 3.3.4. Target Decomposition Theorem of Yamaguchi (2006) -- 3.3.5. Classification Technique -- 3.4. Results and Discussion -- Conclusion -- Chapter 4 -- Forests and Deforestation Characterization Using PALSAR Data -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Methodology -- 4.2.1. Satellite Data -- 4.2.2. Field Data -- 4.2.3. Data Processing -- 4.2.4. Polarimetric Decomposition Parameters -- 4.2.5. Radar Vegetation Index -- 4.2.6. Pedestal Height -- 4.2.7. Three-Component and Four-Component Based Target Decomposition -- 4.3. Results and Discussion -- Conclusion -- Chapter 5 -- Deforested Area Height Estimation: DEMs Data -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. Study Area -- 5.2.1. Land Use Land Cover Map of the Study Area -- 5.3. Methodology -- 5.3.1. Satellite Data -- 5.3.1.1. Glas -- 5.3.1.2. SRTM-DEM -- 5.3.1.3. ASTER GDEM Data -- 5.3.1.4. PRISM-DSM Data -- 5.3.2. Field Data -- 5.3.3. Data Processing -- 5.4. Results and Discussion -- Conclusion -- Chapter 6 -- PALSAR 50m Mosaic Data Based National Level Biomass Estimation -- 6.1. Introduction

Governance Assessment Frameworks allow the identification of implementation bottlenecks and they can propose answers to the identified challenges. However, no assessment framework has been developed to 1) understand how governance factors can affect the development and use of geospatial data (GD) and 2) to allow comparison across different governance contexts. Previous research proved that GD and governance are highly interrelated. Understanding the relevance of policy coherence, and aiming to address the aforementioned gap, we propose the Coherence Assessment Framework for Geospatial Data (CAFGD). CAFGD objective is to contribute to the GD governance literature from an implementation perspective. CAFGD is based on two existing frameworks: 1) the Framework to Support Institutional Arrangements in Geospatial Information Management (FSIAGIM) (Crompvoets and Ho, 2017, 2019) and 2) the Governance Assessment Tool (GAT) (Bressers et al., 2016a). CAFGD uses as governance dimensions the seven structural instruments of FSIAGIM, classified under the hierarchy, market and network governance approach and uses as evaluative quality coherence from GAT. In order to demonstrate the application of CAFGD, we have selected the region of Flanders in Belgium to analyze its GD policy coherence. Our results conclude that coherence is higher in the instruments related to hierarchy. Therefore, coherence is higher among the public sector actors when comparing with the private sector actors. The relation to this sector corresponds to the market and network instruments.

The session is an overview of the Federal Government's Open Maps portal. Open Maps provide one-stop access to the Government of Canada's geospatial information. You can search, combine, visualize, and analyze geospatial data. The portal presently makes more then 750 geospatial collections from 14 federal agencies available in one central location. As well, we present the Toporama interactive map, a demonstration of the Geospatial Data Extraction tool, as well as other federal government applications and sources of data that are useful for students, map librarians, and teachers

As most development planning and rendering of public services happens at a place or in a space, geospatial data is required. This geospatial data is best managed through a spatial data infrastructure, which has as a key objective to share geospatial data. The collection and maintenance of geospatial data is expensive and time consuming and so the principle of "collect once – use many times" should apply. It is best to obtain the geospatial data from the authoritative source – the appointed data custodian. In South Africa the South African Spatial Data Infrastructure (SASDI) is the means to achieve the requirement for geospatial data sharing. This requires geospatial data sharing to take place between the data custodian and the user. All data custodians are expected to comply with the Spatial Data Infrastructure Act (SDI Act) in terms of geo-spatial data sharing. Currently data custodians are experiencing challenges with regard to the sharing of geospatial data. This research is based on the current ten data themes selected by the Committee for Spatial Information and the organisations identified as the data custodians for these ten data themes. The objectives are to determine whether the identified data custodians comply with the SDI Act with respect to geospatial data sharing, and if not what are the reasons for this. Through an international comparative assessment it then determines if the compliance with the SDI Act is not too onerous on the data custodians. The research concludes that there are challenges with geospatial data sharing in South Africa and that the data custodians only partially comply with the SDI Act in terms of geospatial data sharing. However, it is shown that the South African legislation is not too onerous on the data custodians.

As most development planning and rendering of public services happens at a place or in a space, geospatial data is required. This geospatial data is best managed through a spatial data infrastructure, which has as a key objective to share geospatial data. The collection and maintenance of geospatial data is expensive and time consuming and so the principle of "collect once – use many times" should apply. It is best to obtain the geospatial data from the authoritative source – the appointed data custodian. In South Africa the South African Spatial Data Infrastructure (SASDI) is the means to achieve the requirement for geospatial data sharing. This requires geospatial data sharing to take place between the data custodian and the user. All data custodians are expected to comply with the Spatial Data Infrastructure Act (SDI Act) in terms of geo-spatial data sharing. Currently data custodians are experiencing challenges with regard to the sharing of geospatial data. This research is based on the current ten data themes selected by the Committee for Spatial Information and the organisations identified as the data custodians for these ten data themes. The objectives are to determine whether the identified data custodians comply with the SDI Act with respect to geospatial data sharing, and if not what are the reasons for this. Through an international comparative assessment it then determines if the compliance with the SDI Act is not too onerous on the data custodians. The research concludes that there are challenges with geospatial data sharing in South Africa and that the data custodians only partially comply with the SDI Act in terms of geospatial data sharing. However, it is shown that the South African legislation is not too onerous on the data custodians.