Suchergebnisse

Intro -- Contraportada -- Portada -- Créditos -- Índice -- Dedicatoria -- Siglas -- Prólogo -- Introducción -- 1. La llegada del gas (1842-1846) -- 1.1. La difusión en Europa -- 1.2. Cádiz a mediados del siglo XIX -- 1.2.1. El contexto socieconómico -- 1.3. El servicio de alumbrado público -- 1.4. Los ensayos de luz de gas de 1807 y 1817 -- 1.5. La llegada del gas -- 1.5.1. El expediente para la concesión del alumbrado de gas -- 1.5.2. La firma del primer contrato -- 1.5.3. La inauguración del alumbrado público -- 2. La consolidación de la industria (1846-1867) -- 2.1. Los primeros pasos del gas: un contexto favorable que va tornándose en adverso -- 2.2. Iniciativas fallidas en el negocio del gas -- 2.3. Cambios en la titularidad de la concesión -- 2.4. Una factoría incapaz de responder al aumento de la clientela -- 2.5. El conflicto por la calidad y la extensión del servicio -- 2.5.1. La intervención de la factoría -- 2.6. Zacheroni et Cie no construye la fábrica -- 3. Lebon et Cie monopoliza el gas (1867-1882) -- 3.1. El regreso de Charles Lebon a Cádiz -- 3.2. Cambios en la gestión y la infraestructura gasista -- 3.3. La producción y las ventas de gas aumentan -- 3.4. El Reglamento para la inspección del alumbrado de gas de 1870 -- 3.5. El Manual del consumidor de gas de Juan Gil de los Reyes -- 3.6. La prohibición para trabajar con «sustancias» procedentes del alquitrán -- 3.7. La red de distribución a principios de los 1880 -- 4. La competencia por el suministro energético (1882-1912) -- 4.1. Un contexto demográfico y socioeconómico poco favorable. -- 4.2. Las discusiones sobre el fin del contrato y la celebración de la subasta marcan el inicio de una nueva etapa -- 4.3. La irrupción de la Sociedad Cooperativa Gaditana de Fabricación de Gas: la Cuestión del Gas (1884-1887).

Spain was a key territory for the supply of precious metals during the Roman period.1 It is even possible that the Roman authorities' decision to retain a military presence there after the Second Punic War was to a large extent motivated by its mineral wealth.2 In fact, one of the fi rst measures taken once the territory was secured in 195 B.C.E. was to establish a tribute system intended to tax the iron and silver mines.

The article focuses on the process of restructuring the natural gas market in Europe. It is shown that the transformation of the European gas market is taking place under the decisive influence of the political decision of the European Commission and the governments of the EU largest gas consuming countries, first, to reduce gas consumption as much as possible in the shortest time; second, to replace Russian gas with imports from alternative sources. As both tasks have the highest priority, the EU countries act within the framework of political, not market logic, regardless of significant economic costs. To hedge against very high gas prices EU introduced since 15 February 2023 the market correction mechanism, capping the price of gas from the above. It is also expected the mandatory filling of gas storage facilities to at least 90% of their capacity before the winter season since 2023 would pressure gas prices downwards. Natural gas exporting companies operate within a system of market coordinates and are ready to participate in the process of transforming the European natural gas market only to the extent that does not contradict their economic interests. The politicization of gas cooperation between the EU and the US at the interstate level cannot change the market behavior of companies. Given the uncertainty regarding the perspective demand for gas in Europe, gas exporting companies are interested in concluding long-term contracts for the export-import of gas on a "take or pay" basis. Europe's unwillingness to massively engage into the long-term import-export contracts for LNG and readiness to bear additional costs in the form of elevated gas prices will allow companies in the short-term period to make high profits on the spot market.

The company's technology transfer strategy is the basis of a comprehensive R&D system. To guarantee the competitive advantage, it is necessary to implement a complex approach to a strategic R&D development policy of a company. This article is devoted to the analysis of technology transfer strategies, in which several key strategies were identified: defensive, offensive, absorbing, national and mixed. The analysis of the characteristics of each strategy type and of its effective application's conditions is presented.

The paper considers one of the measures proposed by the Federal Antimonopoly Service (FAS) to deregulate domestic gas market: abolition of lower boundary of gas prices for wholesale buyers, where two conditions inherent in gas market still remain: vertical structure of monopolist and the one export channel for pipeline gas. The author analyses the impact of proposed reforms on independent Russian gas companies competitiveness. The purpose is to provide domestic gas market reformation qualitative analysis and quantitative assessment of independent gas producers impact. As a result, the most likely implications of reforms are theoretically determined and quantitative assessment of their impact on the independent producer is provided.

AbstractBased on the published climate change policies and the performance of 125 large European companies, this paper examines how these companies are responding to regulatory and other pressures to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. It concludes that most large companies have now established the management systems and processes necessary for them to effectively manage their emissions and related business risks. Companies with significant greenhouse gas emissions have noticeably stronger governance oversight and reporting.However, it also suggests that a significant minority of companies – perhaps 20% of the total – have significant weaknesses in their management systems and processes. Furthermore, a majority of companies have yet to significantly reduce their emissions, and just one‐third expect their emissions to reduce over time. This paper argues that the uncertainties in climate change policy are the key barrier to companies taking a more proactive approach to reducing their emissions. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.

Thе article is devoted to investment strategies of the EU power and gas companies. The author starts by definition of the external processes at the EU energy market, and then deals with the current state of corporate structure in power-gas sectors and, by evaluation of M&A databases and reports, points out three stages of the investment strategies transformation. Finally the place of Russia in a geographical structure of investment is explained.

The petroleum industry faces crucial environmental problems that exacerbate business instability, such as climate change and greenhouse gas emission regulations. Generally, governments focus on pricing, environmental protection, and supply security when developing energy policy. This article evaluates the technical efficiency of 53 oil and gas companies in the United States during the period 1998–2018 using the stochastic frontier analysis methods and investigates the degree to which energy policies influence the efficiency levels in these companies. Our empirical results show that the average technical efficiency of the 53 U.S. oil and gas companies is 0.75 and confirm that prices, production, consumption, and reserves of the U.S. petroleum and gas have a significant influence on technical efficiency levels. Specifically, our findings show that renewable energy and nuclear power contribute to explaining the distortion between the optimal and observed output of the U.S. oil and gas companies.