Suchergebnisse

Between 2000 to 2010, forests were lost at an average of 5.2 million hectares per year across the globe (FAO 2010). Though the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation vary, agricultural expansion is responsible for an estimated 80% of this loss (Kissinger et al. 2012). As forests are lost so are all of the knock-on economic, environmental, and social benefits of ecosystem services provided by those forests (e.g. sequestrating carbon dioxide, regulating hydrological systems, maintaining soil quality, preventing erosion, and hosting biodiversity). In fact, it is estimated that land-use change (mostly deforestation and forest degradation in the tropics) accounts for approximately 20% of annual greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions when reforestation and afforestation are excluded (Houghton 2013), or about 11% of global emissions when they are included (Searchinger et al. 2013).1 This is a common occurrence especially in developing countries with high rates of population growth, where land is intertwined with livelihood and governments are forced to make tough choices between competing land uses. Within this context, payment for ecosystem services (PES) is a powerful tool for enhancing economic, environmental, and social returns from investments in integrated ecosystem management, including forest regeneration, agricultural landscapes, agroforestry, silvo-pastoral systems, etc. It provides financial incentives for ecosystem services that are not usually monetized and paid for in the traditional market. PES schemes internalize externalities by creating new marketplaces for ecosystem services. These schemes provide a new source of income for land management, restoration, conservation, and sustainable agricultural activities. However, implementing and sustaining PES schemes over time is not a simple task.

AbsractIn this paper, we contribute to a growing literature in the philosophy of social science cautioning social scientists against context-independent claims to objectivity, by analyzing the recent proposal of a new Basic Index of Gender Inequality (BIGI) by Gijsbert Stoet and David Geary. Despite the many internal problems with BIGI, Stoet and Geary have had some success in positioning the index as an important corrective to the way in which gender inequality is measured in mainstream metrics like the Global Gender Gap Index (GGGI). We argue that this success is facilitated at least in part by the failure of GGGI's proponents to adequately justify the methodological choices underpinning the index in relation to the context in which the index's findings are intended to be used. In so doing, the authors of GGGI oversell the objectivity of the metric's assessment of the state of global gender inequality—and it is this overselling that allows Stoet and Geary to present BIGI as a metric that corrects what they claim are systematic biases within GGGI. The case of BIGI and GGGI, we argue, suggests that the kind of epistemic modesty exhibited by recent operational approaches to objectivity is particularly important for social research on highly politically contested topics.

This article is based on an AusAID-funded study which sampled 521 young factory women working in Sri Lanka's largest Export Processing Zone (EPZ) – Katuanayake. The analysis of qualitative data provides insights into the lived experiences of factory women and was designed to provide a more complex understanding of the ways in which women may be empowered or indeed dis-empowered as a result of formal factory employment. The research was funded by AusAID specifically in the interest to offset the macro and often crude ways were adopted in which gender empowerment is measured through the UNDPs Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) and the World Economic Forum's Global Gender Gap Index (GGGI). In essence the qualitative research presented in this article shows clearly the shortcomings of the GEM and GGGI and provides new insights into the ways in which women in Sri Lanka's EPZs experience and understand empowerment. The rationale being that the sample group are at the 'cutting edge' of economic development and should be, according to the GEM and GGGI, 'empowered' simply because they have full time and relatively well paid employment. Indeed the conclusions in this article present a contrary argument and in the process new ways to conceptualize empowerment of women in developing nations.

International audience ; Many scientific, educational, business, military, and political groups assume that people who solve problems in groups and teams will solve subsequent problems better as individuals than people without previous group problem-solving experience. In order to assess such group-to-individual transfer, sets of three people solved four letters-to-numbers decoding problems as groups (G) or individuals (I) in five conditions: GGGG, GGGI, GGII, GIII, or IIII. Results supported four hypotheses: (a) groups performed better than individuals, (b) positive group-to-individual transfer occurred, (c) one group experience was sufficient for transfer, (d) transfer was at the level of group performance (complete) on problems 2 and 3 but incomplete on problem 4, due to exceptional performance in the GGGG condition.

Many scientific, educational, business, military, and political groups assume that people who solve problems in groups and teams will solve subsequent problems better as individuals than people without previous group problem-solving experience. In order to assess such group-to-individual transfer, sets of three people solved four letters-to-numbers decoding problems as groups (G) or individuals (I) in five conditions: GGGG, GGGI, GGII, GIII, or IIII. Results supported four hypotheses: (a) groups performed better than individuals, (b) positive group-to-individual transfer occurred, (c) one group experience was sufficient for transfer, (d) transfer was at the level of group performance (complete) on problems 2 and 3 but incomplete on problem 4, due to exceptional performance in the GGGG condition.

Este documento constituye el tercer informe del estudio de "Productividad de la tierra y rendimiento del sector agropecuario medido a través de los indicadores de crecimiento verde en el marco de la misión de crecimiento verde en Colombia" realizado por el CIAT y CRECE a través de la orientación y financiamiento del GGGI Colombia y el Departamento Nacional de Planeación (DNP) del gobierno de Colombia. El documento incluye la descripción de las tecnologías priorizadas para los sistemas de café, cacao y ganadería de leche y doble propósito, un análisis del marco institucional nacional y regional a la luz de dichos sistemas productivos y el análisis de los impactos de las tecnologías sobre los indicadores de crecimiento verde considerando metas intermedias y objetivo a 2030. El documento contiene en la primera parte la descripción de las tecnologías priorizadas, en la segunda y tercera parte se presenta el marco institucional nacional y regional con las metodologías y resultados obtenidos de las entrevistas con expertos nacionales y talleres regionales. Finalmente, la cuarta parte presenta la metodología, las metas intermedias y los resultados del impacto de las tecnologías en los indicadores de crecimiento verde a nivel nacional y regional. This document constitutes the third report of the study of "Productivity of the land and yield of the agricultural sector measured through the indicators of green growth in the framework of the Mission of Green Growth in Colombia" through the orientation and financing of the GGGI Colombia and the National Planning Department (DNP) of the government of Colombia. The document includes the description of the prioritized technologies for the coffee, cocoa, and milk cattle and dual-purpose systems, an analysis of the national and regional institutional framework in light of these productive systems and the analysis of the impacts of the technologies on the green growth indicators considering intermediate goals and target to 2030. The document contains in the first part the description of the prioritized technologies, in the second and third part the national and regional institutional framework is presented with the methodologies and results obtained from the interviews with national experts and regional workshops. Finally, the fourth part presents the methodology, the intermediate goals and the results of the impact of the technologies on the indicators of green growth at the national and regional levels. ; This document constitutes the third report of the study of "Productivity of the land and yield of the agricultural sector measured through the indicators of green growth in the framework of the Mission of Green Growth in Colombia" through the orientation and financing of the GGGI Colombia and the National Planning Department (DNP) of the government of Colombia. The document includes the description of the prioritized technologies for the coffee, cocoa, and milk cattle and dual-purpose systems, an analysis of the national and regional institutional framework in light of these productive systems and the analysis of the impacts of the technologies on the green growth indicators considering intermediate goals and target to 2030. The document contains in the first part the description of the prioritized technologies, in the second and third part the national and regional institutional framework is presented with the methodologies and results obtained from the interviews with national experts and regional workshops. Finally, the fourth part presents the methodology, the intermediate goals and the results of the impact of the technologies on the indicators of green growth at the national and regional levels.

Overcoming gender inequality is a serious challenge for many countries all over the world. Different reforms aiming at reduction of gender inequality are often a necessary condition for joining international alliances and associations. The article presents an example of comparative analysis of gender statuses in European partnership countries: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Moldova, Ukraine and Russian Federation (1) on the one hand, and Iceland on the other hand due to the latter leading position in the Global Gender Gap ranking. This ranking as well as the results of the comparative analysis can be useful for lecturers in the courses on gender inequality, international comparative studies and others. The author provides a definition of the concept "gender inequality", an overview of existing methodological approaches to the international gender inequality measurement and interpretation. Based on the Global Gender Gap Index (GGGI) author describes men and women positions in the countries mentioned above in such socially important fields as politics, economy, education, and life expectancy; provides her own explanations of the current situation and perspectives for its development. The study shows that for all the countries under consideration the most problematic are (1) political sphere in the terms of women's empowerment and (2) the sphere of healthcare from the point of quality and duration of men's lives. The most unproblematic field from the comparative gender analysis point of view is educational sphere. According to the results of the comparative analysis, the most egalitarian country seems to be Moldova, while the least egalitarian Azerbaijan. This article is based on the data of the International project ReSET «European visions and divisions: comparative studies in improving of teaching sociology" (supported by OSI HESP in 2010-2012).

Intro -- Dedication -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Chapter 1: Climate Change in the Global South: Trends and Spatial Patterns -- Introduction -- How Much Has the Earth Warmed? -- Has It Become More Dry or Wet? -- Is There More Air Pollution? -- Are There More Intense and Frequent Extreme Weather Events? -- Has the Climate Become More Variable or Unpredictable? -- What Are the Model Predictions for Future Climate? -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 2: Spatial Patterns of Gender Inequalities/Inequities Across the Global South -- Introduction -- Human Development Index (HDI) -- Gender Development Index (GDI) -- Gender Inequality Index (GII) -- Global Gender Gap Index (GGGI) -- Education -- Empowerment -- Health and Survival -- Climate Vulnerability Index -- References -- Chapter 3: Health -- Introduction -- Infectious Diseases -- Malaria -- Dengue -- Extremes -- Heat Waves -- Climate Variability -- Global Patterns of Female Health Indicators in Relation to Climate Change and Vulnerability Index -- References -- Chapter 4: Water -- Introduction -- Water Scarcity -- Water Surplus -- Water Quality -- Waterborne Diseases -- References -- Chapter 5: Climate Refugees -- Introduction -- Sea Level Rise -- Extreme Weather Events -- Food Insecurity -- Conflicts -- References -- Chapter 6: Resilient and Sustainable Cities -- Urban Heat Island -- Land Use and Land Cover Changes (LULCC) -- Air Pollution -- Food Insecurity -- Personal Security in the Context of Changing Social Landscapes -- References -- Chapter 7: The Three "E" Approach to Gender Mainstreaming in Climate Change: Enumeration, Education, Empowerment -- Introduction -- Gender Mainstreaming -- Enumeration -- Education -- Empowerment -- Conclusions -- References -- Index.

Purpose
The purpose of this study is to emphasize on women empowerment that leads to a new paradigm shift of Saudi woman into labor force. This study also outlines how Saudi Government has formulated several policies and reforms to empower women in the workplace, especially gender equality. Also, this study will discourse a clear idea on numerous measures initiated by Saudi Government on how to empower Saudi women in the labor force and what would be the impact of women empowerment and gender equality on Saudi economy.


Design/methodology/approach
The research methodology has undertaken the Saudi feminization approach that emphasizes solely on uplifting women empowerment within the context of social changes that are arising in Saudi Arabia. The data analyzed comes from the primary data statistics report that depicts 10 years of data from general authority for statistics (GaStat) for the period ranging from 2010–2016 (Q2) and 2016 –2020 along with global gender gap index (GGGI) for the period of 2006, 2017 and 2020. Additionally, data was considered from the latest articles, Saudi news, statistics revealed by "Pew Research Center," international labor organization (ILO, 2020), which depicts the involvement of Saudi women at international level.


Findings
The data were analyzed from GaStat for the period ranging from 2010–2016 (Q2) and 2016–2020 along with GGGI for the period of 2006, 2017 and 2020 that has shown drastic changes in inspiring Saudi women empowerment pertaining to the labor market, the educational field, economic participation and gender equality. The most interesting point was that the total Saudi employed persons, especially males are double of females' ratio. It depicts that until Q3 and Q4, 2018 females were still facing unemployment phase and their economic participation was less in comparison with male Saudis. However, there found to have a new paradigm shift; rising of Saudi women in various sectors in the year 2019 where unemployment decreased to 5.7%, labor force participation at 58.8%.


Social implications
Saudi Arabia is stringing very hard to develop its economy over the next decade and beyond and have strong-minded to strengthen the contribution of women to development of society and economy. Currently, Saudi women have found ample job opportunities welcoming them in various sectors. Furthermore, they can work in numerous professions and fields that were formerly limited to men. According to Leyal Khalife (2019, July 1) and the statistics released by "Pew Research Center," Saudi Arabia has experienced the highest growth rate – among G20 countries –of women joining the workforce in the past 20 years. The data revealed that women accounted for 23% of Saudi's workforce in 2018 – a rise of 7% increase since 2018. Finally, today Saudi Arabia has shown the highest growth rate among G20 states, including Australia, Germany, Brazil and others.


Originality/value
The latest reforms emphasizes on minimizing the gender gap and inspire young girls to build a career path. This procedure specifies that Saudi female should formulate their tactics and approaches to encounter gender disparity and attain social fairness and equality not specific to education only but consider all the matters of life pertaining to context of male-dominating societies.

The article considers gender discrimination in the field of labor relations in the United Kingdom (UK) in the pre-covid period. In the past decades, the Western European countries have made the most significant progress in achieving gender equality in various fields, including labor relations, and became the world leader in this area. However, despite all the efforts of the international community, no country has achieved a full gender equality, and Great Britain is no exception. The authors argue that the British anti-discrimination legislation (before leaving the European Union) was based on international acts and conventions. For a long time, there were acts and laws prohibiting discrimination in the labor market, which seriously hindered the implementation of an effective anti-discrimination policy in the sphere of labor relations. It was not until 2010 that the law on equality was passed to replace all previous laws and regulations and to provide an exhaustive list of criteria for prohibiting discrimination. As a result, Great Britain began to develop a rather strict national anti-discrimination legislation in the field of labor relations. Thus, in the past decades, the UK has been achieving gender equality in the economic sphere at a faster pace than the average European Union country. The study shows a steady decline in the gender wage gap in the UK over the past two decades, which may be considered one of the country's most significant achievements in fighting gender discrimination in the labor market. However, there is still a number of serious challenges: a relatively low female labor force participation and employment rate, a gender wage gap and income gap, horizontal and vertical segregation, a gender gap in postgraduate education, and a significant gender gap in time spent on family responsibilities. Age discrimination presents a special problem in the sphere of labor relations in Great Britain. In the European Union, the first laws prohibiting age discrimination were adopted only in the 2000s, and in the UK - in 2006. This problem still remains extremely acute for the labor market, since age discrimination in the UK ranks third among the most common grounds for discrimination - after gender and disability.