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History and memories of African liberation cannot be complete without the mention of some women who, through many means in many places, resisted colonialism, slavery and apartheid. Prominent amongst them are Funmilayo Kuti of Nigeria, Muthoni wa Kirima of Kenya and Miriam Makeba of South Africa who all engaged in different resistance politics in ensuring that Africa was liberated. Using the life history approach, this paper takes a behavioural exploration into the similarities and distinctions in their politics, with a view to making certain generalizations considered useful for the final journey of African liberation currently being embarked upon: Decolonization. One generalization is that certain socialization patterns aided the success of these women's struggles. The other is that the different means and environments of their resistance notwithstanding, the trio of Kuti, wa Kirima and Makeba took advantage of some intertwined dominant global ideas to command local and international supports. We recommend that today's girls and women of Africa should explore both of these for achieving their diversified individual goals while at the same time emphasising the indivisibility and final liberation of Africa.

History and memories of African liberation cannot be complete without the mention of some women who, through many means in many places, resisted colonialism, slavery and apartheid. Prominent amongst them are Funmilayo Kuti of Nigeria, Muthoni wa Kirima of Kenya and Miriam Makeba of South Africa who all engaged in different resistance politics in ensuring that Africa was liberated. Using the life history approach, this paper takes a behavioural exploration into the similarities and distinctions in their politics, with a view to making certain generalizations considered useful for the final journey of African liberation currently being embarked upon: Decolonization. One generalization is that certain socialization patterns aided the success of these women's struggles. The other is that the different means and environments of their resistance notwithstanding, the trio of Kuti, wa Kirima and Makeba took advantage of some intertwined dominant global ideas to command local and international supports. We recommend that today's girls and women of Africa should explore both of these for achieving their diversified individual goals while at the same time emphasising the indivisibility and final liberation of Africa.

Historical background -- "We two form a multitude" : the ancestors -- "When love whispers" : early marriage and family life -- "Lioness of Lisabi" : the fall of a ruler -- "A true citizen" : the national arena -- "For their freedoms" : the international sphere -- "Virtue is better than wealth" : death and legacy

AbstractWomen's activism within various ethnic groups in Nigeria dates back to the pre-colonial era, with notable heroic leaders, like Moremi of Ife, Amina of Zaria, Emotan of Benin, Funmilayo Kuti, Margaret Ekpo and many others. The participation of Nigerian women in the Beijing Conference of 1995 led to a stronger voice for women in the political landscape. Several women's rights groups have sprung up in the country over the years. Notable among them are the Federation of Nigerian Women's Societies (FNWS), Women in Nigeria (WIN), Kudirat Initiative for Democracy (KIND) and Female in Nigeria (FIN). However, majority have failed to actualize significant political, social or economic growth. This paper examines the challenges and factors leading to their inability to live up to people's expectations. Guided by patriarchy and liberal feminism theories, this paper utilizes both historical and descriptive methods to examine these factors. The paper argues that a lack of solidarity among women's groups, financial constraints, unfavourable political and social practices led to the inability of women's groups in Nigeria to live up to the envisaged expectations. The paper concludes that, for women's activist groups to survive in Nigeria, a quiet but significant social revolution is necessary among women. Government should also formulate and implement policies that will empower women politically, economically and socially.

Mary Wollstonecraft, Simone de Beauvoir, Judith Butler: Diese Ikonen des Feminismus sind in aller Munde. Aber was ist mit Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti, Alexandra Kollontai oder Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain? In ihrer 250 Jahre und fünf Kontinente umspannenden Geschichte macht Lucy Delap deutlich, dass der Feminismus keine westliche Erfindung ist: Kurzweilig und inspirierend zeigt sie auf, dass konkrete historische Ereignisse rund um den Globus seine mosaikartige Entwicklung vorangetrieben haben und diese nicht losgelöst von Hautfarbe, Klasse und Sexualität gedacht werden kann. Freiheits- und Klassenkampf, neue Formen des Zusammenlebens sind beeinflusst von feministischem Denken und umgekehrt. Ein erfrischend neuer, postkolonialer Blick auf eine weltweite Bewegung, der in seinem Bezug zur Vergangenheit die Debatten der Gegenwart bereichert und öffnet.

Introduction: Toward an intellectual history of black women -- PART I: Diasporic beginnings -- Born on the sea from Guinea: women's spiritual middle passages in the early black Atlantic -- Phillis Wheatley, a public intellectual -- The Hart sisters of Antigua: evangelical activism and "respectable" public politics in the era of black Atlantic slavery -- PART II: Race and gender in the postemancipation era -- The battle for womanhood is the battle for race: black women and nineteenth-century racial thought -- A taste of the lash of criticism: racial progress, self-defense, and Christian intellectual thought in the work of Amelia E. Johnson -- Frances E.W. Harper and the politics of intellectual maturity -- PART III: Redefining the subject of study -- Ann Petry's Harlem -- Daughter of Haiti: Marie Viewx Chauvet -- The polarities of space: segregation and Alice Walker's intervention in Southern Studies -- Story, history, discourse: Maryse Condé's Segu and Afrodiasporic historical narration -- PART IV: Intellectual activism -- From ladies to women: Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti and women's political activism in post-world war II Nigeria -- Living by the word: June Jordan and Alice Walker's quest for a redemptive art and politics -- Not to rely completely on the courts: Florynce Kennedy and black feminist leadership in the reproductive rights battle -- Professor Merze Tate: diplomatic historian, cosmopolitan woman -- PART V: The long view -- Histories, fictions, and black womanhood bodies: race and gender in twenty-first-century politics -- Contributors -- Index.

Front Cover -- Front Flap -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Table of Contents -- Introduction -- Wonderful Ancient Weirdos -- Hatshepsut -- Brigid of Kildare -- Sappho -- Seondeok of Silla -- Khayzuran -- Subh -- Hildegard von Bingen -- Margery Kempe -- Women with Impressive Kill Counts -- Artemisia I of Caria -- Æthelflæd -- Ælfthryth -- Zenobia -- Tomoe Gozen -- Sorghaghtani Beki -- Wú Méi -- Kosem Sultan -- Empress Wu -- Laskarina Bouboulina -- Ching Shih -- Women Who Were Geniuses despite the Fact That They Were Girls -- Hypatia -- Fatima al-Fihri -- Wang Zhenyi -- Jang-geum -- Artemisia Gentileschi -- Raden Ajeng Kartini -- Emmy Noether -- Nana Asma'u -- Jean Macnamara -- Annie Jump Cannon -- Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin -- Hedy Lamarr -- Louisa Atkinson -- Laura Redden Searing -- Gabriela Brimmer -- Women Who Wrote Dangerous Things -- Murasaki Shikibu -- Ulayya bint al-Mahdi -- Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz -- Tarabai Shinde -- Phillis Wheatley -- Nellie Bly -- Elizabeth Hart -- Jovita Idár -- Louise Mack -- Beatrice Potter Webb -- Julia de Burgos -- Marie Chauvet -- Zabel Yesayan -- Mirabal Sisters -- Mary Wollstonecraft -- Ida B. Wells-Barnett -- Frances E. W. Harper -- Ethel Payne -- Women Who Wore Trousers and Enjoyed Terrifying Hobbies -- Annie Smith Peck -- Jean Batten -- Khutulun -- Pancho Barnes -- Julie d'Aubigny -- Lilian Bland -- Lotfia El Nadi -- Women Who Fought Empires and Racists -- Queen Nanny of the Maroons -- Njinga of Angola -- Rani Chennamma -- Lakshmibai, Rani of Jhansi -- Yaa Asantewaa -- Jind Kaur -- Lozen -- Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti -- Queen Liliuokalani -- Fanny Cochrane Smith -- Lillian Ngoyi -- Miriam Makeba -- Te Puea Herangi -- Whina Cooper -- Susan La Flesche Picotte -- Sojourner Truth -- Women Who Knew How to Have a Good-Ass Time -- Empress Theodora -- Wallada bint al-Mustakfi -- Nell Gwyn -- George Sand.