Suchergebnisse

An experiment compared effectiveness, cost and cost-efficiency of factorial combinations of the four
commonly used methods of rabbit control on grazing properties in the Southern Tablelands of eastern
Australia. Sixteen different treatment combinations were applied to 32 sites. The treatments comprised
initial control, applied over four months, followed by repeated maintenance control on half the replicates,
applied after intervals of 2,6 and 12 months. Initial control comprised no treatment, or poisoning (P) with
sodium monofluoroacetate (1080), or warren-ripping (R), or chloropicrin pressure fumigation (F), or
combinations of these (P+R, P+F, R+F, P+R+F). Maintenance control consisted of phosphine-diffusion
fumigation (M). Indices of rabbit abundance were compared one month before treatments were
implemented. Treatment effects were assessed one month after completion of the initial control, and one
and 5-6 months after the three maintenance controls, and additionally nine months after the second
maintenance control.
Control combinations that were highly effective and cost-efficient included both warren-ripping and
maintenance treatment. Poisoning prior to warren-ripping, or fumigating subsequently, or both, improved
effectiveness and cost-efficiency. Warren-ripping interacted positively with one or more subsequent
fumigations, improving effectiveness and cost-efficiency non-additively.
Control combinations that excluded warren-ripping were ineffective and cost-inefficient, and one
combination interacted negatively. Single treatments of poisoning or fumigation were cost-inefficient,
allowing rabbits to recolonise rapidly to densities higher than original.
Only multiple combination treatments or repeated applications were highly effective and cost-efficient;
single applications of any method were inefficient and costly. The most effective and cost-efficient
combination comprised the maximum six applications including ripping and maintenance treatment,
namely P+R+F+M. The high effort and expenditure on the initial control resulted in high effectiveness and
cost-efficiency, which maintenance control sustained at low cost.
Maintenance treatments sustained or achieved effective control of rabbits; the cost of maintenance
treatments halved on each repetition.

The survival time of wild rabbits exposed to elevated concentrations of carbon dioxide (30–60%) was more than double that of a domestic strain. For example, at 50% CO2, mean survival time of wild rabbits was 71 minutes and that of domestic rabbits was 23 minutes. For the wild rabbits, constant levels of carbon dioxide greater than 30% are required for lethality. These findings support the pre-existing generalization that fossorial mammals have adapted physiologically to increased carbon dioxide concentrations encountered in their burrows.
Dry ice was used as a source of carbon dioxide to evaluate whether this agent could be used for fumigation of rabbits in their burrows. Carbon dioxide treatment of a natural burrow showed that this is not effective, owing to the high concentration required for lethality and the inadequate distribution of the gas to all regions of the burrow. The factors which determine poor dispersal of carbon dioxide through the burrow suggest limitations to the effectiveness of some other commonly used fumigants for rabbit control.

In Germany stored product protection belongs until now to the legislation field of plant protection. All stored product protection products used for controlling insect- and other pests require a legal approval of the plant protection authority. Roughly, the pesticides for stored product protection in grain storage can be divided into three groups:contact insecticides (spraying, fogging, powdering insecticides)fumigantsrodenticidesIn the last decade, the decrease of available active ingredients and compounds for stored product protection is quite obvious. Especially in grain storage more and more problems arise due to phase out and disappearance of these products. Several issues like ineffective control of pests or insect resistance against few remaining compounds contribute to the pressure in this context especially for the grain storage industry and difficulties in controlling pests. An update of all products and active ingredients that have an approval in 2009 are presented.

Chloropicrin (CLPN) is used in Australia and New Zealand as a warren fumigant for the control of exotic European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) but is no longer registered for this purpose in the United States or the European Union. This review summarises the mammalian toxicology and clinical records from 56 accounts where signs, symptoms and pathology have been related to a range of CLPN concentrations. The approach follows a general principle where an assessment of the humaneness of vertebrate pest control techniques should be firstly based upon a thorough synopsis of published behavioural, physiological and pathological impacts. Chloropicrin produces intense irritation by stimulation of trigeminal nerves and brief exposures to concentrations of ≤1 ppm can severely irritate the eyes and cause lacrimation in mammals. Beyond 8 ppm, exposures are reported to be painful and incapacitating in humans. Mammals experience an array of common signs and symptoms including: headache, nausea, diarrhoea, laboured breathing, decrease in spontaneous motor activity, salivation, rhinorrhea, blood stains around the nose and mouth, painful irritation of mucous membranes, profuse lacrimation, audible obstruction of respiration and distress vocalisation. Acute pathological changes from CLPN exposure can cause death in mammals from pulmonary oedema, bronchopneumonia, emphysema or general destructive changes and necrosis of the small and medium bronchi. Overall, the signs, symptoms and pathology arising from CLPN exposure at any airborne concentration beyond 0.3 ppm indicate that it must be assumed to cause suffering in all mammals. Exposure to CLPN that is not acutely lethal may debilitate rabbits and other species and cause a protracted death over hours or days. To produce a humane death a fumigant must be non-irritating, have an initial depressive action on the central nervous system and/or produce a rapid death without protracted distress while having little ability to cause debilitation or chronic injury. Given that CLPN has none of these characteristics, it cannot be considered to be acceptably humane.

In the Entre Ríos province, an industrial agriculture model is being developed that has had consequences for the health of children and teachers in rural schools. Faced with an ecological approach, it is transcendental that it is social because it affects all people. Through an analysis of Entre Ríos legislation and the judicial case "Ecological Forum against Superior Government of the Province of Entre Ríos" (2018-2020), the mercantile stance of agribusiness and the claim of fumigated peoples seeking to live with dignity will be appreciated. ; En la provincia de Entre Ríos se desarrolla un modelo de agricultura industrial que trajo como consecuencias una afectación sobre la salud de niños y docentes de escuelas rurales. Ante un planteo ecológico resulta trascendental que el mismo sea social ya que incide sobre todas las personas. Mediante un análisis de la legislación entrerriana y la causa judicial "Foro Ecologista contra Superior Gobierno de la Provincia de Entre Ríos" (2018-2020) se apreciará la postura mercantilista del agronegocio y el reclamo de los pueblos fumigados que buscan vivir dignamente. ; Dans la province d'Entre Ríos, un modèle d'agriculture indus­trielle est en cours d'élaboration qui a affecté la santé des enfants et des enseignants des écoles rurales. Face à une démarche écologique, il est transcendantal qu'elle soit sociale puisqu'elle touche tout le monde. Grâce à une analyse de la législation d'Entre Ríos et de l'affaire judiciaire "Forum écologiste contre le gouvernement supérieur de la province d'Entre Ríos (2018-2020)". La position mercantile de l'agro-industrie et la revendication des peuples fumigés qui cherchent à vivre dignement seront appréciées. ; Na província de Entre Ríos desenvolve-se um modelo agrí­cola industrial que trouxeum como consequências uma afetação para a saúde das crianças e professores das escolas rurais. Frente numa proposta ecológica é importante que seja social, pois afecta todas as pessoas. Através da análise da legislação de Entre Ríos e do processo judicial "Foro Ecologista contra Superior Gobierno de la Provincia de Entre Ríos" (2018-2020) mostrará a posição mercantilista do agrone­gócio e as exigências dos povos fumigados que procuram viver com dignidade.