Suchergebnisse

Alors que Rome continue d'ignorer ces « schismatiques », Bonaparte veut incorporer certains des évêques ex-assermentés dans le personnel concordataire. Pie VII semble s'incliner en promulguant le bref Post multos labores (juillet 1801), généralement oublié par l'histoire officielle. Ce document à la genèse compliquée impose de telles conditions aux anciens prélats républicains que ceux-ci se rebellent et mettent Rome et Paris au bord de la rupture en deux grandes crises : 1802 et 1804.
Se sont-ils finalement rétractés, par rapport à leur passé révolutionnaire, étant en fonctions concordataires ? Le débat demeure ; il met au jour un gallicanisme intransigeant qui persistera, chez nombre d'évêques, jusqu'à la nouvelle crise concordataire de 1820-1822.

The origins of the French Revolutionary Wars -- The armies of the Ancien Régime -- From the Bastile to Valmy -- Saving the Revolution -- Exporting the Revolution -- Sympathy, admiration and collaboration -- Resistance and revolt (1): Frances -- Resistance and revolt (2): The French Imperium -- The reaction of the Ancien Régime -- The wider world -- The road to 18 Brumaire -- The end of the French Revolutionary Wars

Liberalism originated and developed during the progressive expansion of European overseas empires. Through its early history, the ideology was utilized both to reinforce and attack imperial endeavors. Even where liberal ideas bolstered imperial projects, the ideology often coexisted uncomfortably with empire given its emphasis on principles such as autonomy, freedom, and equality. To overcome this tension, liberal imperialists often argued that local peoples were not sufficiently civilized to choose their political fate. This dissertation examines a different, though complimentary, approach to legitimizing empire: persuasion. Taking an influential group of eighteenth century French thinkers as my case, I demonstrate how moral anxieties about empire have been overcome by valorizing persuasion as a means to legitimate the establishment of colonies. The group included colonial administrators, politicians, and polemicists who worried about the justice of empire, particularly as it related to the treatment of the colonized. Rather than foreswearing empire altogether, however, they argued that rule could be established over local peoples by convincing locals to agree to an imperial order. Such an order, they believed, would be in keeping with enlightened or liberal principles. The central figure in the thesis is G.T. Raynal whose Histoire des deux Indes (1770) crystallized and propagated this vision. His history was among the best -selling works of the eighteenth century and shaped colonial debates in France and abroad for decades after its initial appearance. After explaining how Raynal and others came to believe that an empire founded on persuasion could work, as well as why they believed this approach to rule was legitimate, the dissertation traces how this idea persisted through the tumultuous decade after the French Revolution and shaped policy during Napoleon's military occupation of Egypt. The thesis then turns to local Egyptian observers writing in Arabic who recognized and critiqued the French ideology. One such thinker, 'Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti, moved beyond critique to articulate a counter-theory of how rule ought to be established through persuasion. Jabarti's conclusions about the role of ethics in persuasion are a rebuke to the French and constitute a more generalizable observation about the limits of persuasion across community boundaries

International audience ; The role played by translators in the circulation of useful knowledge during the Enlightenment has often been neglected.This article focuses on the process of "cultural transfer" in the domain of agriculture. It is suggested that the translation industry grew significantly in the second half of the eighteenth century as the reading public throughout Europe expanded to include many mono-lingual readers. The demonstration takes the form of a case study of French editions of the book Travels in France by the English agricultural writer Arthur Young.On the evidence of our case study, translators came from many different backgrounds. They worked, generally speaking, for printer-booksellers on a speculative basis. The multiple translations into French of the works of Arthur Young also remind us of the important role played by governments in commissioning the translation of books and in supporting networks of knowledge diffusion in the early modern era. ; On a tendance à sous-estimer le rôle joué par des traducteurs dans la circulation des savoirs utiles au siècle des Lumières.Notre étude porte sur les savoirs agricoles. On sait que la traduction, véritable industrie, s'est considérablement développée dans la seconde moitié du xviiie siècle grâce, sans doute, au nombre accru de lecteurs monolingues. La démonstration prend la forme d'une étude de cas: les traductions françaises du livre Travels in France de l'agronome britannique Arthur Young.Selon nous les traducteurs sont issus de différents milieux sociaux. Ils étaient employés en général par des libraires sur une base spéculative. Les multiples traductions de l'œuvre d'Arthur Young servent également à nous rappeler le rôle soutien du pouvoir politique dans l'entreprise de la traduction, ainsi que dans les réseaux de diffusion à l'époque moderne.

International Law — Relation to Municipal Law — Concordat between Holy See and Germany — Alleged Violation of Provisions of Concordat by One of German Länder — Whether German Federal Republic Can Compel Compliance with Concordat by Land — The Constitutional Law of Germany.Composite States — Federal States — Concordat between Holy See and Germany — Alleged Violation of Provisions of Concordat by One of German Länder — Whether German Federal Republic Can Compel Land to Comply with Terms of Concordat — The Constitutional Law of Germany.Holy See — Concordat with Germany — Alleged Violation of Provisions of Concordat by One of German Lander — Whether German Federal Republic Can Compel Land to Comply with Terms of Concordat — The Constitutional Law of Germany.Treaties — Operation of — Treaty Concluded by Federal State — Concordat between Holy See and Germany — Alleged Violation of Provisions of Concordat by One of German Länder — Whether German Federal Republic Can Compel Land to Comply with Terms of Concordat — The Constitutional Law of Germany.

Treaties — Special Kinds of — Concordats.Treaties — Operation of — Concordats.116Holy See — Concordat between Holy See and Germany — Provisions of Concordat as Part of German Municipal Law — Right of Priest to Refuse Testimony — Equality of Rights as between Catholic and Protestant Clergy.