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320 journalists around the world were detained in 2023, and by year's end more than 300 were imprisoned.Thomas Jefferson once wrote, "Our liberty depends on the freedom of the press, and that cannot be limited without being lost." He would be anxious about what's going on in many parts of the world these days.Some governments, like Russia and China, attack press freedom in flagrant and brutal ways. Wall Street Journal reporter Evan Gershkovich was arrested by Russia's Federal Security Service last spring on phony espionage charges and is languishing in detention. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty journalist Alsu Kurmesheva is facing the possibility of 15 years in prison for failing to register as a foreign agent after she dared to edit a book of essays by Russian writers who oppose the invasion of Ukraine. Her pre-trial detention was recently extended. Chinese authorities arrested and imprisoned Australian journalist Cheng Lei for three years after she broke a government-imposed news embargo by a matter of minutes. During her imprisonment she said she was isolated, deprived of sleep, and subjected to endless interrogation. Other governments often attack journalists in less direct, but no less dangerous, ways.Mexican President López Obrador, better known as AMLO, recently used a public address to share the phone number of New York Times reporter Natalie Kitroeff. He had her number because Kitroeff reached out for a Times investigation into his office's ties to cartel leaders. According to the free speech group Article 19 and the Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ), attacks against journalists have risen 85% during AMLO's presidency. In 2021, if online threats and harassment are included, journalists were threatened on average once every 14 hours.The erosion of press freedom in Mexico didn't happen overnight. Article 19 found that attacks against journalists in the country increased by 163% from 2010 to 2016. CPJ reports that at least 141 journalists and media professionals were killed in Mexico since 2000, with more than 60 of those deaths directly attributable to their work. The country is home to the world's highest number of "disappeared" journalists. Around the world, there is little evidence that much will change soon. For example, in late March, the Hong Kong legislature unanimously passed a new national security law authorizing police to detain people suspected of sedition, divulging state secrets, or interacting with foreign entities without a charge, and with the ability to conduct closed-door trials. Concerns over the new law have led the independent news organization Radio Free Asia, which opened an office on the island just a year before it reverted to Chinese rule, to shutter its Hong Kong bureau. Radio Free Asia is counted among a growing list of media outlets that have folded under intense pressure from the island's Chinese authorities. As we approach World Press Freedom Day, threats to independent journalism are on the rise. While the number of imprisoned journalists has steadily increased since the late 90s, in 2023 alone, 320 journalists were detained and more journalists and media workers were killed for their work than ever before. As of this writing, more than 60 journalists are documented as missing. In the words of George Orwell: "Freedom of the press, if it means anything at all, means the freedom to criticize and oppose." In modern times, technology is creating more ways for citizens and civil society to hold their government accountable. At the same time, government leaders seem less and less hesitant about trying to shut that accountability down.Katherine Schauer helped to research and draft this blog.

320 journalists around the world were detained in 2023, and by year's end more than 300 were imprisoned.Thomas Jefferson once wrote, "Our liberty depends on the freedom of the press, and that cannot be limited without being lost." He would be anxious about what's going on in many parts of the world these days.Some governments, like Russia and China, attack press freedom in flagrant and brutal ways. Wall Street Journal reporter Evan Gershkovich was arrested by Russia's Federal Security Service last spring on phony espionage charges and is languishing in detention. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty journalist Alsu Kurmesheva is facing the possibility of 15 years in prison for failing to register as a foreign agent after she dared to edit a book of essays by Russian writers who oppose the invasion of Ukraine. Her pre-trial detention was recently extended. Chinese authorities arrested and imprisoned Australian journalist Cheng Lei for three years after she broke a government-imposed news embargo by a matter of minutes. During her imprisonment she said she was isolated, deprived of sleep, and subjected to endless interrogation. Other governments often attack journalists in less direct, but no less dangerous, ways.Mexican President López Obrador, better known as AMLO, recently used a public address to share the phone number of New York Times reporter Natalie Kitroeff. He had her number because Kitroeff reached out for a Times investigation into his office's ties to cartel leaders. According to the free speech group Article 19 and the Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ), attacks against journalists have risen 85% during AMLO's presidency. In 2021, if online threats and harassment are included, journalists were threatened on average once every 14 hours.The erosion of press freedom in Mexico didn't happen overnight. Article 19 found that attacks against journalists in the country increased by 163% from 2010 to 2016. CPJ reports that at least 141 journalists and media professionals were killed in Mexico since 2000, with more than 60 of those deaths directly attributable to their work. The country is home to the world's highest number of "disappeared" journalists. Around the world, there is little evidence that much will change soon. For example, in late March, the Hong Kong legislature unanimously passed a new national security law authorizing police to detain people suspected of sedition, divulging state secrets, or interacting with foreign entities without a charge, and with the ability to conduct closed-door trials. Concerns over the new law have led the independent news organization Radio Free Asia, which opened an office on the island just a year before it reverted to Chinese rule, to shutter its Hong Kong bureau. Radio Free Asia is counted among a growing list of media outlets that have folded under intense pressure from the island's Chinese authorities. As we approach World Press Freedom Day, threats to independent journalism are on the rise. While the number of imprisoned journalists has steadily increased since the late 90s, in 2023 alone, 320 journalists were detained and more journalists and media workers were killed for their work than ever before. As of this writing, more than 60 journalists are documented as missing. In the words of George Orwell: "Freedom of the press, if it means anything at all, means the freedom to criticize and oppose." In modern times, technology is creating more ways for citizens and civil society to hold their government accountable. At the same time, government leaders seem less and less hesitant about trying to shut that accountability down.Katherine Schauer helped to research and draft this blog.

As a figure of thought, the concept of freedom tends to shuttle between abstraction and ideal -- the first exemplified by Isaiah Berlin's contrast between negative and positive liberty, and the second by Philip Pettit's neo-republican conception of freedom as non-domination. Located within the realm of lived experience however, freedom is invariably forged from context-specific constraints, hence the title of the proposed pamphlet: degrees of freedom. The point of departure is to approach freedom as a practice which is 'conditioned' by enclosures of power/knowledge which are also enclosures of the imagination. In terms of destination, the objective is to explore the question of how to breach such enclosures, thereby opening out spaces for alternative ways of practising freedom to emerge. The analysis will encompass three fields of practice and examine how freedom is drawing inwards around the freedom to compete in a zero-sum game among winners and losers. To get to grips with the 'how' of this requires dispensing with analytical tools that operate on the basis of dichotomy (such as power/resistance, freedom/domination, top-down/bottom-up) while also stretching the analysis across distinct-yet-related fields of action. The book will thus begin with a brief discussion that sets out key concepts and ideas before putting these to work through an analysis of 1. Sport & Academia, and 2. Art.

Freedom House's annual press freedom index, now covering 195 countries and territories, has tracked trends in media freedom worldwide since 1980. Freedom of the Press 2008 provides comparative rankings and examines the legal environment for the media, political pressures that influence reporting, and economic factors that affect access to information. The survey is the most authoritative assessment of media freedom around the world. Its findings are widely utilized by policymakers, scholars, press freedom advocates, journalists, and international institutions