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COVID-19 is spreading through the developing world. Many low- and middle-income countries are now reporting growing numbers of cases and imposing rigorous lockdown regulations in response, which impact all aspects of the economy. How will COVID-19 affect food-supply chains (FSCs) in developing countries? The evidence suggests that the impacts will be felt widely, but unevenly. Farm operations may be spared the worst, while small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in urban areas will face significant problems. Governments will have to develop policies to respond to these varied impacts to avoid supply chain disruptions, higher food prices, and severe economic fallout for millions of employees. ; Non-PR ; IFPRI4

This paper examines the global food security picture through 2020, using a model that incorporates 35 individual countries and regions and 17 commodities to estimate supply and demand for food. It concludes that if governments and the international community maintain current levels of commitment to agricultural growth through cost-effective investment in agricultural research, extension, irrigation and water development, human capital, and rural infrastructure, the world as a whole will not experience overwhelming pressure but food security in many developing countries, particularly in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, will improve little. The paper also presents a more pessimistic scenario brought about by cuts in investment in agriculture and a more hopeful scenario based on increased investment. ; PR ; IFPRI1; 2020 ; DGO

India is a country of diversity, very rich in agriculture and natural resources, whereagriculture has been the main occupation of the masses. The food grain production in Indiaduring 2011-12, has been at all time record level of 259.32 million tonnes (GOI 2012-13),which is supposed to be more than sufficient to feed 1.21 billion population of the country,but it is ironically and unfortunately true, that despite the huge stock of food grainsavailable with the Food Corporation of India, (henceforth known as FCI) stray cases ofhunger deaths are still being reported in the country.Notwithstanding mentions in the Constitution, the hunger and poverty in the country goesunabated. The State has not been able to provide food to all, at affordable cost. Here, foodmeans basic agriculture produces, like-wheat, rice, pulses and sugar. All these areimportant for a human being, because at least two full diets are required to satisfy thebiological need of food, or hunger. The huge population base and lack of sufficientdomestic production of foodgrain in the past, and import of foodgrain from other countries(before the green revolution), lack of purchasing power, geographical discontinuity anddifference in supply and demand of food grains in the country, required special efforts bythe central and state governments to create food security net.

Cover -- Contents -- Illustrations -- Abbreviations and Acronyms -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Introduction -- Part I - Food Security and Insecurity: Causes and Consequences -- 1. Food Security -- 2. Famine -- 3. The World Food System: Challenges and Options -- 4. Peasant Farming: Current and Future Challenges -- Part II - Challenges and Options for Food Security -- 5. Access to Land -- 6. Rural Labour Markets -- 7. Rural Financial Services and the Issue of Sustainability -- 8. Water for Livelihoods -- 9. Gender and Food Security: Invisibility Revisited -- 10. Conclusion: Food Security in Perspective -- Appendix -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index.

This paper reviews the opportunities available for food businesses to encourage consumers to eat healthier and more nutritious diets, to invest in more sustainable manufacturing and distribution systems and to develop procurement systems based on more sustainable forms of agriculture. The important factors in developing more sustainable supply chains are identified as the type of supply chain involved and the individual business attitude to extending responsibility for product quality into social and environmental performance within their own supply chains. Interpersonal trust and working to standards are both important to build more sustainable local and many conserved food supply chains, but inadequate to transform mainstream agriculture and raw material supplies to the manufactured and commodity food markets. Cooperation among food manufacturers, retailers, NGOs, governmental and farmers' organizations is vital in order to raise standards for some supply chains and to enable farmers to adopt more sustainable agricultural practices.

The supply of economic statistics is generally associated with the degree of economic development of a country; usually the developing rather than the developed countries evidence a lack of statistical data. This situation is due, in part, to a certain primitiveness or backwardness in the actual processes of information production, & to the fact that economic underdevelopment, with its concomitant resource shortages, does not leave much room for production of the same range of statistical data that is possible in developed countries. The emphasis, therefore, should be on quality as opposed to quantity. Particular reference is made to Latin America. The instability of prices in developing countries has definite effects on the quality of statistical data; these effects are studied. The theoretical basis for examination--that in the theory of consumer demand, relative prices within a group of commodities must remain constant in order for that group to be treated as a single commodity--is briefly validated. The association between stability of relative prices & statistical indices is explored. Reasons for instability of relative prices in developing countries are traced to two major causes: (1) low factor-mobility, & (2) variability of exports. A reverse line of causation is also explored which progresses from lack of reliable statistical data to economic instability. Modern economic policies imply greater real costs & more far-reaching risks for developing countries rather than developed countries due to their large statistical requirements. C. Grindle.

Impact on economic growth; some focus on Asia. Surveys research into the benefits of decreasing military expenditures to enhance economic growth.

A review of the progress made in developing countries toward provision of clean water & adequate sanitation in cities & rural areas since 1970, with focus on the International Water Supply & Sanitation Decade, 1981-1990. Only indicative estimates are presented due to variation in data sources & wide differences in populations. Given the uncertainty regarding these & other factors, a systematic flexible approach for analysis & decision making concerning water issues is proposed. The key elements of the Integrated Water Resources Planning (IWRP) framework are economic evaluation of water projects & programs, optimization of water supply systems, water environmental & demand analysis, & policy instruments for water management. Effectiveness of IWRP is dependent on national objectives & a feasible financing plan, engineering & technical standards, an institutional framework for water supply, & proper maintenance & follow up in the field. Typical characteristics of institutional frameworks are illustrated, utilizing the examples of Cyprus, Egypt, Ghana, Haiti, Uruguay, Yemen, & Zaire, whose problems of finance, government interference, & lack of technical staff show that strategies for water supply & sanitation must be planned according to sound economic & environmental principles. 6 Tables, 1 Figure, 28 References. Adapted from the source document.