Suchergebnisse

Цель: Целью статьи является подведение итогов и систематизирование информации, касающейся временных методов защиты от наводнения. Введение: Статья поднимает сложную тематику, которой является защита от наводнений. В работе охарактеризовано явление наводнения и оговорены его отдельные типы, вместе с классификацией по размерам и генезисом происхождения. Также представлен короткий обзор важнейших европейских и национальных правовых актов, таких как Директива 2007/60/We Европарламента и Евросовета от 23 октября 2007 г. по оценке и управлении рисками, связанными с наводнениями, так называемая "Директива о наводнениях", Распоряжение Министра Окружающей Среды, Министра Транспорта, Строительства и Морского Хозяйства, Министра Администрации и Цифровизации, а также Министра Внутренних Дел по разработке карт угроз наводнений, а также карт риска наводнений. В статье затронуто также необыкновенно важный вопрос: роль образования в улучшении безопасности от наводнения. Каждый человек живущий на территориях, которые могут быть затоплены должен осознавать возможную угрозу, и в случае необходимости знать каким образом надо себя вести в таких ситуациях. В работе охарактеризованы постоянные методы защиты от наводнения, которые включают в себя противопаводковые дамбы, противопаводковые водохранилища и польдеры. Кроме стационарных методов защиты от наводнений, применяется также разного вида временные меры безопасности, начиная с популярных мешков с песком, противопаводковых рукавов, и заканчивая противопаводковыми заграждениями. Была также сделана попытка представить существующие на рынке разного рода временных способов защиты от наводнений, среди которых, также можно перечислить разного рода противопаводковые рукава, отличающиеся друг от друга сечением, размером и материалом из которого были сделаны. Дополнительно, рассмотрены также вертикальные защитные дамбы, а также охарактеризованы и описаны важнейшие преимущества других доступных на рынке временных защитных сооружений противопаводковых заграждений и стеклянных барьеров. Кроме того, в статье также затронута тематика, связанная с аппаратным обеспечением районов, которые могут быть затоплены, разного рода контейнерами для помощи при наводнениях такими как: противопаводковые контейнеры с насосами для загрязненной воды типа KPpPm, противопаводковые контейнеры с лодками типа KPpŁ и противопаводковые контейнеры с дамбами типа KPpZ. Методы: Анализ публикаций и исходных документов фирм, производящих временные методы защиты от наводнений и документов Главной Комендатуры Государственной Пожарной Службы. Выводы: Статья затрагивает очень важную тематику с точки зрения климатических изменений и событий за последние годы, когда всё чаще наводнения показывают свою силу. В работе показаны основные методы защиты от этой разрушительной силы природы, которые могут применяться как в рамках временной так и постоянной защиты. ; Aim: The article aims to summarize and systematize information about temporary flood protection measures. Introduction: The article broaches the difficult issue of flood protection and describes flood incidents with an illustration of types, by grouping incidents according to size and origin. It also presents a brief overview of the most important European and national laws such as: Directive 2007/60/EC of the European Parliament and European Council, dated 23 October 2007, dealing with assessment and management of flood risks commonly referred as the Flood Directive, Regulation of the Minister of the Environment, Regulation of the Minister of Transport, Construction and Maritime Affairs, the Minister of Administration and Digitization and the Minister of Home Affairs concerning the development of flood hazard and flood risk maps. The article also presents an extremely important issue concerning the role of education in improving flood safety everyone who lives in flood risk areas should be aware of potential risks and, where appropriate, apply themselves accordingly. The article describes permanent flood protection measures including levees, reservoirs and polders. In addition to these there is a range of temporary solutions, commencing with popular sandbags and flood sleeves and, culminating with flood fences. An attempt was made to present a range of short-term flood protection solutions currently available on the market such as the range of flood sleeves which, differ from each other by cross-section dimensions and material from which they are made. Additionally, the article examines the application of vertical flood barriers and explores the most important advantages of other commercially available temporary flood protection measures, including fences and glass barriers. Furthermore, the article also addresses issues concerning equipment used in areas exposed to the risk of flooding. These include storage containers and equipment such as: containers with pumps for contaminated floodwater KPpPm type, containers with boats KPpŁ type, flood containers with barriers type KPpZ. Methods: Examination of manufacturers equipment documentation and documents held by the National Headquarters of the State Fire Service of Poland. Conclusions: The article addressed a significant issue associated with climate change and trends covering the recent past which, increasingly reveal the significant power of flooding. The paper illustrates fundamental protection approaches against the destructive force of nature, which can be used for temporary as well as permanent solutions.

Cover -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Table of contents -- Executive summary -- Background and process -- Notes -- 1. Framing the challenge -- 1.1. The benefits of investing in water -- 1.2. Ambition and scope of the project -- 1.3. Drivers of investment needs -- 1.4. Emerging challenges -- References -- Notes -- 2. The state of play -- 2.1. Water supply and sanitation -- 2.2. Flood protection -- References -- Notes -- 3. Projected investment needs across member states -- 3.1. Water supply and sanitation -- 3.2. Flood protection -- 3.3. Investment needs under the Water Framework Directive -- References -- Notes -- 4. The capacity to finance projected investment needs across member states -- 4.1. Financing capacity -- 4.2. Preliminary conclusions -- References -- 5. Selected options to address financing challenges -- 5.1. Options to make the best use of existing assets and financial resources -- 5.2. Options to minimise future financing needs -- 5.3. Financing as part of flood risk mitigation strategies -- References -- Notes -- Annex A. Costs of addressing emerging challenges in wastewater collection and treatment -- Annex B. Data and method -- Annex C. Data supporting the results on projected coastal flood risk investment needs -- Annex D. Projections by EurEau on costs of compliance with DWD and UWWTD -- Annex E. Assessment of RBIs and RFIs to finance flood protection.

ABSTRACT: Coastal flood risks are rising rapidly. We provide high resolution estimates of the economic value of mangroves forests for flood risk reduction every 20 km worldwide. We develop a probabilistic, process-based valuation of the effects of mangroves on averting damages to people and property. We couple spatially-explicit 2-D hydrodynamic analyses with economic models, and find that mangroves provide flood protection benefits exceeding $US 65 billion per year. If mangroves were lost, 15 million more people would be flooded annually across the world. Some of the nations that receive the greatest economic benefits include the USA, China, India and Mexico. Vietnam, India and Bangladesh receive the greatest benefits in terms of people protected. Many (>45) 20-km coastal stretches particularly those near cities receive more than $US 250 million annually in flood protection benefits from mangroves. These results demonstrate the value of mangroves as natural coastal defenses at global, national and local scales, which can inform incentives for mangrove conservation and restoration in development, climate adaptation, disaster risk reduction and insurance ; We thank the supporting provided by the World Bank and the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU) on the basis of a decision adopted by the German Bundestag. We also acknowledge financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Innovation (BIA2014-59718-R). Authors are grateful to the useful contributions provided by Borja González Reguero (University of Santa Cruz California), Antonio Espejo, Sheila Abad and Pedro Díaz Simal (IH Cantabria). Pelayo Menéndez acknowledge to the FPI grant from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Innovation (BES-2015-074343). The authors acknowledge to the National Plan "RISKOADAPT" from the Spanish Ministry of Sciences, Innovation and Universities (BIA2017-89401-R).

Although boundaries are typically seen as hampering inter-organizational collaboration, a lack of clear boundaries does not kindle collaboration either. This paper investigates how boundary spanners manage boundaries in inter-organizational collaboration. I draw on data from a 12-month ethnography of an inter-organizational innovation pilot between water authorities and utility owners in the Netherlands. The aim of this pilot was to improve the logistical and budgetary efficiency of renovations on dykes with underground utility systems, through collaboration between utility companies and water authorities. Findings show how pilot staff and participants were challenged by the invisibility of collaborative work: collaboration was undervalued, seen as a nuisance, and not as a core responsibility. Within the pilot potential measures of collaborative success and action were formulated, and participants learned about potential obstacles. This helped participants to see the potential of collaborative work clearer, and formulate collaborations that could move forward in acknowledgement of limitations. This paper contributes to the boundary work literature by proposing that managing the (in)visibility of boundaries is substantial to the competency of boundary spanners.

Abstract. China is one of the most flood-prone countries, and development within
floodplains is intensive. However, flood protection levels (FPLs) across the
country are mostly unknown, hampering the present assertive efforts on flood
risk management. Based on the flood-protection prescriptions contained in the
national flood policies, this paper develops a dataset of likely FPLs for
China and investigates the protection granted to different demographic
groups. The new dataset corresponds to local flood protection designs in 91
(53.2 %) of the 171 validation counties, and in 154 counties
(90.1 %) it is very close to the designed FPLs. This suggests that
the policy-based FPLs could be a valuable proxy for designed FPLs in
China. The FPLs are significantly higher than previously estimated in the
FLOPROS (FLOod PROtection Standards) global dataset, suggesting that Chinese flood risk was probably
overestimated. Relatively high FPLs (return period of ≥50 years) are seen in
282 or only 12.6 % of the evaluated 2237 counties, which host a
majority (55.1 %) of the total exposed population. However,
counties with low FPLs (return period of <50 years) host a disproportionate
share (52.3 %) of the exposed vulnerable population (children and
elders), higher than their share (44.9 %) of the exposed
population. These results imply that to reduce social vulnerability and
decrease potential casualties, investment in flood risk management should
also consider the demographic characteristics of the exposed population.

The paper argues for a governmentality perspective on risk-management politics and resilience-related governance. This perspective pays ample attention to conflicts and discursive 'battles' in which different truths and normative assessments, including specific rationalities, subjectivities and technologies of governing compete against. Up to now, the literature on governmentality and resilience has mainly been based on empirical research in the UK. This research highlights the growing importance of neoliberal forms of governing, including a shift in governing strategies towards activating and responsibilizing the public. This is to some extent in contrast to observations about dealing with flood risk on the river Weisseritz in Dresden. The paper reflects on possible avenues for further conceptual and empirical research on 'governing through resilience' in the context of flood protection in Germany. It is based on a brief conceptualization of 'governmentality' as introduced by Michel Foucault, a literature review, and selected observations from a case study on flood protection for the river Weisseritz in Dresden.

The paper argues for a governmentality perspective on risk-management politics and resilience-related governance. This perspective pays ample attention to conflicts and discursive 'battles' in which different truths and normative assessments, including specific rationalities, subjectivities and technologies of governing compete against. Up to now, the literature on governmentality and resilience has mainly been based on empirical research in the UK. This research highlights the growing importance of neoliberal forms of governing, including a shift in governing strategies towards activating and responsibilizing the public. This is to some extent in contrast to observations about dealing with flood risk on the river Weisseritz in Dresden. The paper reflects on possible avenues for further conceptual and empirical research on 'governing through resilience' in the context of flood protection in Germany. It is based on a brief conceptualization of 'governmentality' as introduced by Michel Foucault, a literature review, and selected observations from a case study on flood protection for the river Weisseritz in Dresden.

Abstract. With projected changes in climate, population and socioeconomic activity located in flood-prone areas, the global assessment of flood risk is essential to inform climate change policy and disaster risk management. Whilst global flood risk models exist for this purpose, the accuracy of their results is greatly limited by the lack of information on the current standard of protection to floods, with studies either neglecting this aspect or resorting to crude assumptions. Here we present a first global database of FLOod PROtection Standards, FLOPROS, which comprises information in the form of the flood return period associated with protection measures, at different spatial scales. FLOPROS comprises three layers of information, and combines them into one consistent database. The design layer contains empirical information about the actual standard of existing protection already in place; the policy layer contains information on protection standards from policy regulations; and the model layer uses a validated modelling approach to calculate protection standards. The policy layer and the model layer can be considered adequate proxies for actual protection standards included in the design layer, and serve to increase the spatial coverage of the database. Based on this first version of FLOPROS, we suggest a number of strategies to further extend and increase the resolution of the database. Moreover, as the database is intended to be continually updated, while flood protection standards are changing with new interventions, FLOPROS requires input from the flood risk community. We therefore invite researchers and practitioners to contribute information to this evolving database by corresponding to the authors.

More and more natural disasters are happening every year: floods, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, etc. In order to reduce the risk of possible damages, governments all around the world are investing into development of Early Warning Systems (EWS) for environmental applications. The most important task of the EWS is identification of the onset of critical situations affecting environment and population, early enough to inform the authorities and general public. This paper describes an approach for monitoring of flood protections systems based on machine learning methods. An Artificial Intelligence (AI) component has been developed for detection of abnormal dike behaviour. The AI module has been integrated into an EWS platform of the UrbanFlood project (EU Seventh Framework Programme) and validated on real-time measurements from the sensors installed in a dike.

ABSTRACTStream gauging data play a vital role in the planning of flood mitigation strategies. A study of the value of stream flow data for the design of levee systems shows that the availability of a reasonable sample of pertinent data can be worth many times the cost of collecting that data.

This technical handbook is intended for the personnel of companies or organisations involved in the management of dikes designed to provide protection against flooding caused by a rise in river levels. Written for engineers and technicians, its aim is to increase understanding of: – How dike systems work. – The risks faced. – Surveillance and maintenance operations. It also aims to explain the reasons for and describe the work to be done to ensure the long-term future and safety of such structures, given water resource legislation in France. Produced upon the initiative of the French Ministry of the Environment (water resources department), this book was written by Cemagref, under the guidance of, and with contributions from, a working party.

Background: Investment in disaster risk reduction is crucial in order to mitigate disaster damage. However, for many countries, particularly developing ones, financing investment in disaster risk reduction is challenging. This study aims to examine the factors that affect investments in flood protection and the approaches to securing investments by analyzing investment trends in Japan. Methods: This study examines 150 years of flood protection and investment cycles that helped reduce damages in Japan. The dataset of flood protection budgets, flood damage, and national income since 1878 was created from public statistics. Documents and reports concerned with disaster management, river management, and finance were examined. Results: The study found five investment cycles of flood protection from the late 19th century to the present. The country established financing mechanisms, such as legislation and long-term plans, following major flood disasters. However, external shocks such as war, economic recession, disaster, and tightened national finance had a major impact on these investments. The fluctuations in the budget created an investment cycle. The country had increased its budget to 0.9% of its national income in the 1990s. It often experienced flood damage accounting for over 1% of the national income until 1961, but succeeded in decreasing the damage to less than 1%, and currently it is limited to less than 0.4%. Conclusions: The financial mechanisms established from the long-term perspective could support an increase in budgets for flood protection, leading to a decrease in damage. However, established financing mechanisms may weaken the financial flexibility of the country.