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1. Introduction -- 1.1 History of Electronics for Displays -- 1.2 Electronic Displays -- 1.3 Display Classifications -- 1.4 Display Nomenclature -- 1.5 Classification Nomenclature -- 1.6 Picture Element or Pixel -- 1.7 Display Array -- 1.8 Addressing -- 1.9 Display Device Development -- 1.10 Multidiscipline -- 1.11 Technology Impetus -- 1.12 Conclusion -- References -- 2. System Requirements -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 System Classification -- 2.3 Display Installation Classification -- 2.4 Display Functional Classification -- 2.5 Systems Constraints -- 2.6 Display Subsystems -- 2.7 Transillumination -- 2.8 Photometry -- References -- 3. The Visual System: Capabilities and Limitations -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Anatomy of the Visual System -- 3.3 Spatial Vision -- 3.4 Temporal Vision -- 3.5 Color Vision -- 3.6 Summary -- References -- 4. Image Quality: Measures and Visual Performance -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 The Modulation Transfer Function -- 4.3 Pixel Error Measures -- 4.4 MTF-Based Measures of Image Quality -- 4.5 Pixel Error Measures of Image Quality -- 4.6 An Empirical Image Quality Model -- 4.7 Problems in Image Quality Measurement -- 4.8 Concepts Related to Image Quality -- References -- 5. Flat-Panel Display Design Issues -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Power Efficiency -- 5.3 Addressability -- 5.4 Duty Factor -- 5.5 Gray Scale -- 5.6 Color -- 5.7 Cost -- 5.8 Intrinsic Electronic Display Drive -- 5.9 Extrinsic Electronic Display Addressing -- References for Section 5.9.2 -- 6. The Challenge of the Cathode-Ray Tube -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Historical Origins of the CRT -- 6.3 Basic CRT Design and Operation -- 6.4 Electron-Optic Regions of the CRT -- 6.5 Limitations on Electron-Gun Performance -- 6.6 The Viewing System -- 6.7 CRT Resolution and Contrast -- 6.8 The Life of the CRT -- 6.9 Applications and Types of CRTs -- 6.10 Driving the CRT -- 6.11 Overview of CRT Performance -- Reference -- 7. Flat Cathode-Ray Tube Display -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Motivation and Goals -- 7.3 History -- 7.4 Functional and Technical Discriptions -- 7.5 Cathodes for the Flat CRTs -- 7.6 Beam Positioning and Modulation Techniques -- 7.7 Brightness-Enhancement Techniques -- 7.8 Phosphor Screens -- 7.9 Vacuum Envelope and Processing Techniques -- 7.10 Technical Achievements -- 7.11 Summary -- References -- 8. Electroluminescent Displays -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 History -- 8.3 Theory of Operation -- 8.4 AC Thin-Film EL -- 8.5 AC Powder EL -- 8.6 DC Powder EL -- 8.7 DC Thin-Film EL -- 8.8 Luminous Efficiency -- 8.9 Conclusion 281 References -- 9. Light-Emitting Diode Displays -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 History of LED Display Devices -- 9.3 Basic LED Technology -- 9.4 LED Performance-State of the Art -- 9.5 LED Display Devices -- 9.6 LED Performance Parameters -- 9.7 Materials and Processes -- 9.8 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- 10. Plasma Displays -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 History -- 10.3 Basic Electro-Optical Characteristics of the Gas Discharge -- 10.4 Gas-Discharge Physics -- 10.5 Current-Limiting Techniques -- 10.6 DC Plasma Displays -- 10.7 AC Plasma Displays -- 10.8 Hybrid AC-DC Plasma Displays -- 10.9 Image Displays -- 10.10 Hybrid Plasma-CRT -- 10.11 Fabrication of Plasma Displays -- 10.12 Future of Plasma Displays -- References -- 11. Nonemissive Displays -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 The Liquid-Crystal Phase -- 11.3 LCD Configurations -- 11.4 Intrinsic Matrix Addressing of LCDs -- 11.5 Extrinsic Matrix Addressing of LCDs -- 11.6 Electrochromic Displays -- 11.7 Colloidal Displays -- 11.8 Electroactive Solids -- 11.9 Electromechanical Displays -- 11.10 Conclusion -- References.

Objective This experiment examined performance costs when processing two sources of information positioned at increasing distances using a flat panel display and an augmented reality head-mounted display (AR-HMD). Background The AR-HMD enables positioning virtual information at various distances in space. However, the proximity compatibility principle suggests that closer separation when two sources of information require mental integration assists performance, whereas increased separation between two sources hurts integration performance more than when a single source requires focused attention. Previous studies have provided inconsistent findings regarding costs associated with increased separation. Few of these experiments have examined separation for both focused and integration tasks, compared vertical and lateral separation, or measured head movements. Method Three experiments collectively examined these issues using a flat panel display and a virtual display presented with an HMD, where the separation of information varied laterally or vertically during a focused attention (digit reading) task and an information integration (mental subtraction) task. Results There was no performance cost for either display when information was increasingly separated. However, head movements mitigated performance costs by preserving accuracy at larger separations without increasing response time. Conclusion Head movements appear to mitigate performance costs associated with presenting information increasingly far apart on flat panel displays and HMDs. Both eye scanning and head movements appear to be less effortful than expected. Application These findings have important implications for design guidelines regarding the placement of information presented on flat panel displays and, more specifically, HMDs, which can present information 360° around the user.