Suchergebnisse

University autonomy represented an additional argument against government interference in university education. From academic perspective, the diversification of funding sources and the introduction of changes in the funding mechanism represented positive factors in the evolution of higher education. It is obvious that most of the problems associated with underfunding of higher education are relevant because it affects the quality of education and overall performance of universities. Since the training costs per capita in the higher education system were the lowest compared with the same indicator in relation to vocational schools and colleges in the period of 2005 – 2009, it is clear that underfunding is real and requires necessary measures to be taken to remedy the situation

Over the past decades, there has seen a significant and consistent worldwide reform agenda for higher education financing policy. This paper is to analyze factors that keep driving these reform; to identify the reasons why governments and higher education keep searching for funding alternatives; to show the relationship among funding sources and paths; to discuss funding mechanisms and models adopted by some Asian and Western countries; and to discuss the effects of funding policy on student access, institute autonomy, competition, stability of institutes, quality and performance of education, responsiveness to market demands and fiscal burden.

Purpose: This research analyzed the implementation of education financing at MA Nurul Haq Semurup as well as the consequences and impacts of these policies on Sharia economy, educators and education personnel, madrasah environments, learning activities, and students.Design/Method/Approach: This research use descriptive qualitative approach. Sources of data came from the principal and teacher of MA Nurul Haq Semurup by using a research instrument in the form of closed interviews. The data obtained is then processed by stages of understanding the substance of the education financing standards contained in government policies and scientific articles, analyzing the results of interviews, analyzing the consequences and impacts of financing policies, as well as verifying and drawing conclusions.Findings: The results showed that MA Nurul Haq Semurup education financing was carried out in two ways, namely investment costs focused on financing learning facilities and human resource development, and operational costs focusing on educators' salaries and education personnel, student activities, consumables, indirect education, power subscriptions and services. The management of madrasah financing implemented has an impact on Sharia Economy (muamalah avoids Maysir, Gharar, Haram, and Riba), improving the competence of educators and education personnel, cleanliness and comfort of the madrasah environment, harmony between fellow madrasah personnel, systematic, measurable, and orderly madrasah governance, learning activities become interesting, meaningful, effective, and efficient, the spirit of leadership, independence, and discipline of students is formed, and students gain theoretical and practical learning.Originality/Values: The contribution of this research can provide valuable information related to education financing and become a reference of choice for other schools in the expenditure costs that have been set by the government and do not ignore the provisions in sharia economy.

Assessments are an important instrument in shaping global counterterrorist financing (CTF) policy. However, while CTF policies had an impact on terrorist activity, it is not clear which CTF measures are useful and which are not. Past assessments have had a bias toward expanding the scope and intensity of CTF regulations and implementation because of their focus on output and outcome of measures, rather than on their impact on terrorist activity. The article discusses major features of CTF evaluations and places them into wider frameworks of assessments in high-risk politics.

Determining the optimal capital structure is one of the most fundamental policy decisions faced by financial managers. Since optimal debt ratio influences firm's value, different firms determine capital structures at different levels to maximize the value of their firms. Thus, this study examines the relationship between leverage and firm specific (profitability, tangibility, growth, risk, size and liquidity) determinants of capital structure decision, and the theories of capital structure that can explain the capital structure of banks in Ethiopia. In order to investigate these issues a mixed method research approach is utilized, by combining documentary analysis and in-depth interviews. More specifically, the study uses twelve years (2000 - 2011) data for eight banks in Ethiopia. The findings show that profitability, size, tangibility and liquidity of the banks are important determinants of capital structure of banks in Ethiopia. However, growth and risk of banks are found to have no statistically significant impact on the capital structure of banks in Ethiopia. In addition, the results of the analysis indicate that pecking order theory is pertinent theory in Ethiopian banking industry, whereas there are little evidence to support static trade-off theory and the agency cost theory. Therefore, banks should give consideration to profitability, size, liquidity and tangibility when they determine their optimum capital structure.

Abstract Background The 58th World Health Assembly and 56th WHO Regional Committee for Africa adopted resolutions urging Member States to ensure that health financing systems included a method for prepayment to foster financial risk sharing among the population and avoid catastrophic health-care expenditure. The Regional Committee asked countries to strengthen or develop comprehensive health financing policies. This paper presents the findings of a survey conducted among senior staff of selected Eritrean ministries and agencies to elicit views on some of the elements likely to be part of a national health financing policy. Methods This is a descriptive study. A questionnaire was prepared and sent to 19 senior staff (Directors) in the Ministry of Health, Labour Department, Civil Service Administration, Eritrean Confederation of Workers, National Insurance Corporation of Eritrea and Ministry of Local Government. The respondents were selected by the Ministry of Health as key informants. Results The key findings were as follows: the response rate was 84.2% (16/19); 37.5% (6/16) and 18.8% said that the vision of Eritrean National Health Financing Policy (NHFP) should include the phrases 'equitable and accessible quality health services' and 'improve efficiency or reduce waste' respectively; over 68% indicated that NHFP should include securing adequate funding, ensuring efficiency, ensuring equitable financial access, protection from financial catastrophe, and ensuring provider payment mechanisms create positive incentives to service providers; over 80% mentioned community participation, efficiency, transparency, country ownership, equity in access, and evidence-based decision making as core values of NHFP; over 62.5% confirmed that NHFP components should consist of stewardship (oversight), revenue collection, revenue pooling and risk management, resource allocation and purchasing of health services, health economics research, and development of human resources for health; over 68.8% indicated cost-sharing, taxation and social health insurance as preferred revenue collection mechanisms; and 68.75% indicated their preferred provider payment mechanism to be a global (lump sum) budget. Conclusion This study succeeded in gathering the preliminary views of senior staff of selected Eritrean ministries and agencies regarding the likely elements of the NHFP, i.e. the vision, objectives, components, provider payment mechanisms, and health financing agency and its governance. In addition to stakeholder surveys, it would be helpful to inform the development of the NHFP with other pieces of evidence, including cost-effectiveness analysis of health services and interventions, financial feasibility analysis of financing options, a survey of the political and professional acceptability of financing options, national health accounts, and equity analyses.

With heavy debt burden on developing economies accompanied by their low credit worthiness rating, developing economies often resort to taxes for financing development projects. Raising tax rates and expanding tax bases have become frequent government activities in developing economies. Without dynamic deficit financing policy which takes into cognizance the conflicting arithmetic and economic effect of Laffer curve analysis, financing budget deficit through taxation has remained largely unsuccessful. Perhaps, what was required is to constitute latent factors operating along Laffer curve into major theoretical construct of a deficit financing policy. Therefore, study focused on identifying latent factors influencing the inter-relationship among budget deficit finance, taxes, human capital and macroeconomic indicators. Study spanned across 1970-2015. Data were sourced from Central Bank of Nigeria, National Bureau of Statistics and World Development Indicators. Data were analyzed using exploratory factor analysis. Results indicate that: (1) Tax contributed significantly to budget deficit financing (2)Tax spending and disposable personal income were latent factors influencing the effectiveness of deficit financing (3) Tax spending activated government revenue to contribute significantly to budget deficit reduction (4) Disposable personal income boosted GDP to cause reduction in budget deficit . It was concluded that, with the taxonomy of highly significant factor correlates of tax spending and disposable personal income, a viable deficit financing policy was devised with component tax, budgetary, pricing, credit and macroeconomic policies. It was recommended, inter alia, that developing economies should activate their current deficit financing policies by adapting them to their tax spend and macroeconomic policies.

Growing cost pressures and need for universal health coverage creates demand for sustainability of health financing systems and also concerns about the system's ability to fund itself in the face of growing cost pressures. Typically, policy-makers have sought to find a balanced combination of different strategies to tackle both the supply and demand sides of health services. In September, 2015, 193 countries agreed to the ambitious Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). There are still considerable differences the definition of universal health coverage (UHC) and what it would look like when applied in health care system. Nonetheless, this trajectory towards universal health coverage almost always has three common features. The first is political activism driven by a range of social forces to generalise access to health care. The second feature is a growth in revenues and rise in health spending. The third feature is an increase in the share of health spending that is pooled rather than paid out-of-pocket (OOP) by individuals and families. Latvian health system as European health systems faces challenges and financial pressures that threaten their long-term sustainability and the values of equity, universalism and solidarity. During recent financial and economic crisis, GDP and public expenditures declined more in Latvia than in any other EU member state. Based on fiscal constraints significant spending cuts were made in the health care sector and public spending on health as a share of GDP dropped from 4.3% of GDP in 2007 to approx. 3% in 2016. The Latvian parliament passed the Healthcare Financing Law in December 2017 and it change the principles of the national healthcare financing system. The aim of the new law is to convert the current system from a general tax revenues funded National Health Service (NHS) system into a Compulsory Health Insurance (CHI) system by linking entitlement to health services to the payment of income-related mandatory social insurance contributions. However narrowly defined package of basic healthcare services would continue to be available to the entire population in order to ensure conformity with the constitution. The Law does not propose significant institutional changes to the health system, i.e. the pooling of resources by a single institution and the purchasing of care from independent providers would be retained. Further discussion of healthcare finance and system reform should be considered alongside more general budgetary issues and challenges including expected SDG targets and demographic, technological and epidemiological changes of health care.