Suchergebnisse

AbstractIn the design waste collection systems, it is common practice to use a constant specific fuel consumption (e.g. litres per amount of waste collected or distance travelled). This is also the approach used in many cases for fleet management, namely, for decision-making on more fuel-efficient equipment acquisition. However, the specific fuel consumption is not constant and there are spatial and temporal variations. Accounting for this variability becomes relevant if a more refined cost or environmental optimization is intended. The present research effort evaluates the energy intensity of the waste collection service in the Cascais municipality, reporting the differences and the magnitude of the variability for the mixed waste collection service. Statistically significant differences are found between the circuits, the trucks, months of the year and days of the week. It is discussed that extrapolating average fuel consumption rates for decision-making in new waste collection systems may be prone to substantial error.

Due to their environmental and efficiency characteristics fuel cells are promising technological solutions for many energy related applications (stationary power generation, vehicle propulsion, portable equipment). This book describes the economic dynamics of fuel cells by analyzing their diffusion perspectives as well as the strategic and organisational arrangements designed to promote their development. The costs, risks and economic stakes of fuel cell technologies require both a sustained involvement from public entities and the setting up of innovation networks with a large variety of heterogeneous actors. This context corresponds to a new space for technological competition located at the intersection between firms, networks and national/regional systems of innovation. The book presents a comprehensive analysis of this cooperation/competition phenomenon through different theoretical and empirical investigations

Fuel cell driven cars belong to the 'zero emission' vehicles and should contribute to lower CO2 emissions. However, they contain platinum, which is known as a critical material in the European Union. This study investigated the potential contribution of recycling fuel cell vehicles (FCV) to satisfy the platinum demand arising from a widespread deployment of fuel cell vehicles in Europe. Based on a qualitative examination of the four consecutive steps in the recycling chain (collection, dismantling, disassembly and pre-processing, material recovery) of fuel cell vehicles, two recycling scenarios were developed. Using dynamic material flow analysis, these two recycling scenarios were applied to two scenarios for the market penetration of fuel cell vehicles in nine European lead markets to deliver both the associated impact on platinum demand and the contribution of recycling for meeting this demand. The diffusion of FCV in Europe will not cause a depletion of platinum resources in the short term, as the calculated 537.06 t and 459.24 t in cumulative platinum requirements are far below the currently estimated global reserves. However, concerns regarding the future development of platinum supply and demand remain.

We demonstrate a new approach to understanding the role of fuelwood in the rural household economy by applying insights from travel cost modeling to author-compiled household survey data and meso-scale environmental statistics from Ruteng Park in Flores, Indonesia. We characterize Manggarai farming households' fuelwood collection trips as inputs into household production of the utility yielding service of cooking and heating. The number of trips taken by households depends on the shadow price of fuelwood collection or the travel cost, which is endogenous. Econometric analyses using truncated negative binomial regression models and correcting for endogeneity show that the Manggarai are 'economically rational' about fuelwood collection and access to the forests for fuelwood makes substantial contributions to household welfare. Increasing cost of forest access, wealth, use of alternative fuels, ownership of kerosene stoves, trees on farm, park staff activity, primary schools and roads, and overall development could all reduce dependence on collecting fuelwood from forests.

1 Overview -- 2 The dream: a future powered by plutonium -- 3 Civilian plutonium separation and nuclear-weapon proliferation -- 4 Continuation of plutonium separation without breeder reactors -- 5 A much worse accident that almost happened in Fukushima: A fire in a dense-packed spent fuel pool -- 6 Early dry-cask storage: A safer alternative to dense-packed pools and reprocessing -- 7 Deep disposal of spent fuel without reprocessing -- 8 The case for a ban on reprocessing -- Bibliography -- Index. .

1. Dawn of a New Age -- 2. Covid-19 and Nigeria -- 3. Political Economy of Fossil Fuel Exit -- 4. Fossil Fuel Mortality: Which Way Nigeria? -- 5. Making Post-Vision 20: 2020/NDC Efficient Fossil Fuel Phase Out Strategies -- 6. Roadmap to Nigeria's Future without Oil -- 7. Gender Relations and Forest Resource Management in Post-Covid-19 Era -- 8. Green Economic Recovery in Post-Covid-19 Era -- 9. Aligning the New NDC with NESP -- 10. Beyond Oil Age.

Chapter 1: Introduction -- Chapter 2: Critical Raw Materials -- Chapter 3: Critical Raw Materials in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells -- Chapter 4: Critical Raw Materials in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells -- Chapter 5: Technology Governance -- Chapter 6: The Case for Governance of Critical Raw Materials in Fuel Cell Research and Development -- Chapter 7: Practical Recommendations and Conclusion.

Nowadays, robust and efficient solid waste collection is crucial to motivate citizens to participate in the circular economy by sorting recyclable solid waste. Vocational vehicles, including garbage trucks, contribute significantly to CO2 emissions ; therefore, it is strongly recommended, and in the European Union it is mandatory, to replace conventional-fuel-based garbage trucks with electric ones. For providing sustainable and energy-efficient solid waste collection with a heterogeneous fleet, in-depth mathematical computations are needed to support solving complex decision-making problems, including crew rostering and vehicle routing, because the distance and capacity of electric garbage trucks differ from conventional-fuel-based ones. However, the literature on solid waste collection using electric garbage trucks is still relatively scarce. The main contribution of this paper is developing an optimization problem for balancing travel distance assigned to each garbage truck of a heterogeneous fleet. The problem is based on specific requirements of the Municipal Solid Waste Management in Cracow, Poland, where the working time of routes is balanced and the total time of collection service can be minimized. For the problem, an MIP program was developed to generate optimal crew schedules, so that the hitherto network of segregated solid waste pickup nodes can be served using a heterogeneous fleet in which the share of electric garbage trucks is up to 30%. We study the impact of the changed composition of the fleet on modifications in crew rostering due to the shorter range of an electric vehicle compared to a conventional-fuel-based one.