Suchergebnisse

With reference to strategic documents of the European Union (EU) on forestry development and based onthe analysis of experience of some EU states, also results of recent researches conducted in Lithuania and materialsfrom expert discussions, this article analyses the forestry development trends in the EU and discusses possiblevariants for optimization of the Lithuanian forestry management system. The impact of Forestry Strategyfor the European Union and the EU Forest Action Plan adopted by the Council of the European Union on thedevelopment of further forerstry development of EU member states is discussed and it is emphasized thatwithin the EU until now there is no uniform forestry management model and therefore national models are developedaccording to the local conditions, existing traditions and general trends of EU forestry development. Itis shown that Lithuania is still in the search for ways to optimize its forestry management by looking for solutionsto the dilemma of public-private forests ratio and to expediency of structural reforms of existing forestrydistricts.

Abstract
This article responds to the rise in unilateralism in trade policy (particularly from the EU and USA) and considers how its negative effects, especially concerning developing countries, can be mitigated through the use of instruments of trade law in the practice of economic diplomacy. It does this in three steps: first, it challenges the dichotomy between unilateral and plurilateral approaches to trade policy, and reframes this rise in unilateralism as conceptually and practically linked to the increasing plurality of trade law's actors, sources, and institutions (the plural-unilateral dynamic); second, trade in forest products is used as a case study to examine this dynamic, identifying underlying tensions in the use of unilateral and plurilateral policies as well as potential mechanisms of accommodation; finally, in step three, the article identifies two related avenues of accommodation to improve participation and engagement—leveraging structures of meta-governance in trade (dialogues, committees, and standards bodies). In doing so, this article both reframes debates around unilateralism and plurilateralism in trade law and policy, and places the hitherto underexplored practice of economic diplomacy at the heart of means to improve trade relations.

Socio-entropy system approach (SESA) as used as a comprehensive tool to identify any kind of social shortcoming that might have constrained achievement of government policy on social-forestry. The study objectives were to observe all critical factors on the program implementation of social forestry and to analyze any intervening variables relevant to socio-psychological, socio-ecological, socio-economic, and socio-cultural shortcomings (being called here as socio-entropies) that would have been most crucial to the required policy modification. Samples were taken by purposive sampling and intensively interviewed using questionnaire. Data was analysed using structural equation modeling. The study found out that the socio-psychological entropy which apparently needs to comprehend basically relates to 3-intervening variables of self-esteem, individual compassion, and non-formal education. Likewise from the socio-ecological stand point, what need to be controled better were the spirit of owning more land plots, and the geo-morphological position of owned land plots. Meanwhile socio-economic entropy seemed to appear as consequences of people efforts in gaining more income due to hedonistic temptation and lack of knowledge about the type of environmentally sound livelihoods. Finally, the crucial factors of socio-cultural entropy were the faded away adat-law, weakening social norms, and absence of inter-ethnic but more closed, and traditional networking.

International audience ; This paper examines how local forestry management has evolved in the Aït Bougmez Valley (Central High Atlas, Morocco) in the last three decades and how this evolution has affected forest ecosystem conditions. It focuses on the impact of the forestry administration on 'traditional forestry management' since its introduction in 1985, and of recent innovation in forestry policy. The relatively new Strategic Environmental Management Analysis (SEMA) framework is applied, rather than a more 'classical' new institutional framework. This approach allows for a more comprehensive understanding of both strategic interactions between various actors and ecological consequences of these interactions. An interesting empirical findings is that instead of a quite simple opposition between the forestry administration and local populations, negotiation opportunities exist that are taken by the actors. This leads to specific actor configurations and sometimes unexpected environmental outcomes, even if from a global point of view, forest stands have been seriously depleted over the last 40 years mainly due to exploitation by local population and the absence of economic alternative to forest exploitation. On the other hand, the implementation of a new policy tool in such a context has to be understood as an opportunity for new actors to take part in forest management rules definition.