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Personality traits, gender wage gap, private retirement provision. - Persönlichkeitsmerkmale, Lohnlücke, Rentenvorsorge

The relationships among gender, personality traits, & symptoms of depression are examined using data from questionnaires administered to 360 residents of the Oklahoma City, Okla, metropolitan area. Although women report more symptoms of depression than men, gender is not a statistically significant predictor when personality traits are included in the analysis. Low masculinity, high femininity, having a child in the home, & single status predict depression for men. Youth, low education, low masculinity, & single status predict depression for women. Contrary to reports by some researchers of the superiority of androgyny as a model of mental health, the data do not support such a contention. 5 Tables, 38 References. Modified HA

During many decades, sociologists have downplayed the role that personality traits play in shaping individual's lives. However, recent studies, mostly in economics, have shown the influence of these traits on a several educational and occupational outcomes. This thesis is an attempt to shed more light on this topic. By using longitudinal data from the German Socio-Economic Panel, it first investigates how the Big Five personality traits affect two important labor market outcomes: unemployment incidence and job mobility. The results from these first two articles show two things. First, personality traits contribute importantly to processes of job mobility and job loss. Second, models including personality traits fit better compare to models that exclude them. Additionally, the inclusion of personality traits also improves our understanding of the underlying process in the labor market. The second part of this thesis focuses on how personality traits are transmitted from parents to their children. My results show that socialization processes are extremely important in the transmission and development of personality traits. Higher educated parents are more successful in promoting socially desirable and success-enhancing traits than lower educated ones. While there is a direct influence of the parent's education on the development of children's personality traits, the effect is mediated by different childrearing practices and by the use of external daycare.

Due to the high level of uncertainty in the electorate about candidate issue positions, many scholars believe that voters instead use simpler cues such as personality traits to evaluate candidates. However, information about candidate personality traits is also subject to uncertainty. Using a new direct survey measure of uncertainty included in the 1995 and 1996 National Election Studies, we examine the effect of trait opinions on candidate evaluations and test the effect that uncertainty about those opinions has on the use of traits in an evaluation. We find that uncertainty about a candidate's personality traits reduces both the use of opinions about that candidate's traits in evaluations of that candidate and the overall evaluations of that candidate.

Previous research has shown an association between primary headaches and some extreme features of normal personality traits, however, studies of the relationship between these headaches and the disordered or abnormal personality traits are still needed. This study sought to examine
the disordered personality trait profiles in patients with migraine, tension-type headaches compared to healthy controls. Disordered personality traits were assessed using the Dimensional Assessment of Personality Pathology (DAPP; Livesley & Jackson, in press), a self-report measure of
abnormal personality function that subsumes major models of normal personality, in 41 patients with chronic headaches (CTH), 34 frequent episodic tension-type headaches (FETH) and 48 migraine without aura, as well as 37 headache-free healthy control subjects. All patient groups scored significantly
higher than healthy controls on Submissiveness, Cognitive Distortion, Identity Problems, Intimacy Problems, Social Avoidance, and Self-Harm. In addition, the migraine group scored higher on Submissiveness than did the FETH group. Our findings thus confirmed personality dysfunctions in primary
headache sufferers.

Recent studies in political psychology report a significant association between personality traits and ordinary citizens' attitudes and behaviors in the political arena. A growing body of literature examines the influence of personality on individuals' attachment to a political party and vote choice in electoral settings. In line with these studies, we analyze the relationship between personality traits and "correct voting", i.e., the extent to which citizens vote in accordance with their own preferences and values. Using a large-scale national survey fielded in the context of the 2008 presidential election, we find that, after controlling for well-known predictors of correct voting, some of personality traits not only exert a direct influence on correct voting, but also moderate the effect of strength of party identification, a well-established determinant of correct voting. These findings provide new evidence for the idea that individual differences such as dispositional personality traits are deeply intertwined with both vote choice and democratic representation.

Existing studies of executive orders tend to focus on two issues: how the frequency of executive orders has changed over time and whether the nature of presidential power has changed such that we should reconsider Neustadt's thesis that bargaining is the essence of presidential power. Although institutionalists bemoan the literature's focus on the "personal presidency," no study of unilateral uses of power has taken into account the systematic influence of presidents' personalities. Instead, studies that consider why some presidents issue more executive orders than others focus on contextual factors, not attributes of the presidents. In this article we address this gap in the literature by examining whether presidents' personality traits significantly influence their propensity to issue executive orders. The results of our analysis demonstrate that both personality and institutional factors play a significant role in presidents' decisions to act unilaterally.

The study aimed to examine the relationship between the personality traits of parents (mothers and fathers) and their preschool children, to determine if there are a correlation and similarity in the personality traits of parents and their children. Also, the study aimed to explore whether the personality traits of parents (mother and father) are significant predictors of the personality traits of their preschool children. The sample consisted out of 150 children of preschool age and 150 fathers and 150 mothers. The personality characteristics of the children were assessed by their parents by completing the M5-PS-90 (Grist & McCord 2006), and afterward, parents assessed their personality traits through the Scale PMF (Kardum & Smojver 1993). The correlation analysis results showed that there are statistically significant positive correlation and similarity in emotional response, then in the degree of socialization, friendliness, conscientiousness, and intellectual openness between mothers and their preschool children, and there are statistically significant positive correlation and similarity in the degree of socialization and conscientiousness between fathers and their children of preschool age, as well. The results of the regression analysis suggested that maternal neuroticism is a statistically significant predictor for neuroticism in children, as well as a statistically significant negative predictor to form the traits of a child's extraversion and that its intellectual openness is a statistically significant positive predictor for quality of conscientiousness and intellectual openness. The results of the regression analysis also showed that the father's extraversion is a statistically significant positive predictor to form the extraversion trait in children.