Suchergebnisse

Einstellungen zur politischen Vereinigung Europas.

Themen: Kenntnis der Mitgliedsstaaten der EWG; Einstellung zum Beitritt
Großbritanniens und zur Weiterentwicklung der EWG zu einer politischen
Gemeinschaft; Einstellung zur Wahl eines europäischen Parlaments, zu
einer europäischen Regierung und zu einem EWG-Präsidenten, der aus einem
anderen Land stammt; Einstellung zur Europawährung, zu einem
Europa-Olympia-Team und zu einer Europafahne; Wunsch nach Beitritt von
Dänemark, Spanien, DDR, Polen, UdSSR und der Schweiz zur EWG;
Vorstellungen über die Form eines vereinten Europas; persönliche
Opferbereitschaft für die EG-Union und erwartete Auswirkungen auf den
persönlichen Lebensstandard; Zufriedenheit mit den derzeitigen
Lebensverhältnissen und erwartete Entwicklung der wirtschaftlichen Lage;
Nationalstolz; Beurteilung ausgewählter Aspekte einer europäischen
Vereinigung, wie z.B. wirtschaftliche Entwicklung, Verlust eigener
Traditionen und Entwicklung einer politischen Kraft der EWG; Einstellung
zu Gastarbeitern; Wunsch nach Stärkung des Militärs im eigenen Lande und
nach der Verhinderung eines Weltkriegs; Wunsch nach finanzieller
Unabhängigkeit, Meinungsfreiheit, Reisefreiheit und nach einer
bedeutenden Rolle des eigenen Landes in der Weltpolitik und der
Wissenschaft; Einstellung zu Studentendemonstrationen und zu
gesellschaftlichem Wandel; Postmaterialismus (Skala); Vertrauen zu
Amerikanern, Russen, Italienern, Deutschen, Franzosen, Chinesen, Briten
und Schweizern; wichtigste politische Ziele; politisches Interesse und
Kenntnis leitender Politiker des Landes; Intensität der politischen
Informationsaufnahme; Häufigkeit von Auslandsreisen; Parteipräferenz und
Parteiverbundenheit des Befragten sowie seiner Eltern; die Bedeutung der
Europafrage für die Wählbarkeit der präferierten Partei; Mitgliedschaft
sowie Sympathie und Verbundenheit zu den Gewerkschaften; Religiosität;
Selbsteinstufung auf einer Armutsskala.

Demographie: Alter (klassiert); Geschlecht; Konfession; Schulbildung;
Berufsausbildung; Beruf; Haushaltseinkommen; Haushaltungsvorstand;
Politikinteresse; Parteineigung; Parteiidentifikation; Bundesland;
Mediennutzung.

Einstellung zur politischen Vereinigung Europas.

Themen: Zugehörigkeitsgefühl zu einer geographischen Region; regionale
Herkunft und Ortsansässigkeit; Veränderungen in der Region;
Mobilitätsbereitschaft; Einfluß der Europäischen Gemeinschaft auf die
Entwicklung der Region allgemein und auf spezielle Wirtschaftsbereiche;
Einstellung zu Kompetenzen um Verteilungen zwischen dem Land und
europäischen Behörden; Beurteilung der wirtschaftlichen Schwierigkeiten
der Landwirtschaft; Einstellung zu den Bauerndemonstrationen und
Gewaltanwendungen bei solchen Demonstrationen; Zukunftsaussichten der
Landwirtschaft; Berufsaussichten der Landwirte; die Bedeutung des
Gemeinsamen Marktes für die Landwirtschaft sowie für die Industrie;
vermutete Einflüsse des Gemeinsamen Marktes auf die Modernisierung, den
Absatz und die Konkurrenzsituation für Agrarerzeugnisse; vermutete
Einflüsse des Beitritts weiterer Staaten zur Europäischen Gemeinschaft
für die Landwirtschaft, die Industrie und für das eigene Land allgemein;
Bekanntheit und Beurteilung des Mansholt-Plans; Postmaterialismus
(Skala); wichtigste politische Ziele; Gefahr einer Wirtschaftskrise und
Kriegsgefahr (Skalometer); Einstellung zur politischen Vereinigung
Europas; persönliche Opferbereitschaft für eine Vereinigung;
Selbsteinschätzung der Informiertheit über europäische
Wirtschaftsprobleme, Probleme der nationalen Landwirtschaft und der
regionalen Wirtschaftsentwicklung; Beurteilung der
Medienberichterstattung über diese Probleme; Einschätzung der Chancen
einer politischen Vereinigung Europas; eigene Meinungsführerschaft;
Aufgeschlossenheit gegenüber neuen Dingen; Parteipräferenz
(Sonntagsfrage); Religiosität; Selbsteinstufung als konservativ oder
progressiv.

Demographie: Alter (klassiert); Geschlecht; Anzahl der Kinder im
Haushalt; Konfession; Schulbildung; Berufsausbildung; Beruf;
Haushaltseinkommen; Haushaltungsvorstand; politische Diskussion; soziale
Herkunft; Bundesland; regionale Herkunft; Mitgliedschaft.

Die Befragung enthält zwei verschiedene Schwerpunkte:

1. Einstellungen zur Europäischen Gemeinschaft und zur europäischen
Vereinigung.

2. Allgemeine Zufriedenheit des Befragten mit verschiedenen Bereichen
des Lebens und der Gesellschaft.

Themen: Zu 1.): Informiertheit über die Europäische Gemeinschaft und
den gemeinsamen Markt; Interesse an den Problemen der EG und an
Fernsehsendungen über die EG; Einstellung zur Wahl eines
Europaparlaments und zur Mitgliedschaft des eigenen Landes in der EG;
Probleme, die in einer europäischen Regierung besser gelöst werden
könnten, als es auf nationaler Ebene der Fall ist; Opferbereitschaft zur
Unterstützung der Europäischen Vereinigung; politisches Interesse;
eigene Meinungsführerschaft und Bewertung verschiedener
Informationsquellen zur politischen Meinungsbildung; Selbsteinschätzung
auf einem Links-Rechts-Kontinuum;

Zu 2.): Zufriedenheit des Befragten in den Bereichen Wohnen, Einkommen,
Ausbildung der Kinder, Freizeit, empfangene Sozialleistungen,
Generationenverhältnis; Zufriedenheit mit der Gesellschaftsform und der
Funktionsfähigkeit der Demokratie; allgemeine Lebenszufriedenheit und
Arbeitszufriedenheit (Skala); Veränderung der Zufriedenheit in den
letzten Jahren; Bewertung der Diskussionen zum Umweltschutz; Bewertung
politischer Ziele wie: wirtschaftliches Wachstum, Mitbestimmung,
Verteidigung, Stadtsanierung, Preisstabilität, freie Meinungsäußerung,
Verbrechensbekämpfung, ideologischer Fortschritt und Humanisierung der
Gesellschaft.

Demographie: Alter (klassiert); Geschlecht; Familienstand; Anzahl der
Kinder im Haushalt; Konfession; Religiosität; Schulbildung;
Berufsausbildung; Berufstätigkeit; Haushaltseinkommen; Haushaltsgröße;
Haushaltungsvorstand; Parteipräferenz; politische Diskussion;
Mitgliedschaft.

The European Parliamentary Assembly met in ordinary session from May 12 to 14, 1959, at Strasbourg. One of the principal points on the agenda was the proposed creation of a European University. While it was admitted that, for the time being, it was essential for the proposed institute to concentrate on nuclear and technical research, most of the speakers agreed that the European University should progressively be extended to include other branches of learning such as European law. Furthermore, the University should not be limited to Six-Power Europe but should be open to professors and students from all the countries of Kurope. In a resolution adopted at the close of the discussion, the Assembly requested the executives of the three Communities and the Councils of Ministers to unite their efforts to create a European University destined to serve the interests of the European Communities and their overseas countries and territories, through the development of scientific and technical research, the study of social and economic science, philosophy, and history, and the elaboration and development of Community law.

The European Parliamentary Assembly met in ordinary session from October 21 to 24, 1958, at the House of Europe in Strasbourg. After M. Robert Schuman, President of the Assembly, had opened the proceedings, statements were made on the activities of the European Economic Community (EEC or common market) during the first nine months of its existence and on the activities of the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom). In regard to the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), the Assembly heard a statement by M. Pierre Wigny, Minister for Foreign Affairs of Belgium, in which he noted the present coal crisis in Europe, and the differences between the common market and the free trade area—the one aiming for progressive integration, the other only for facilitating trade. This speaker was followed by M. Paul Finet, President of the High Authority of ECSC, who set out the present situation concerning coal in the common market area. He stated that the situation was undeniably serious and pointed out that pithead stocks had more than trebled, rising from 7 million metric tons in 1957 to 22 million tons in 1958. Belgium and Germany had been particularly hard-hit. He reviewed the action taken by the High Authority in trying to make the marketing rules more flexible and to stabilize production and imports, and appealed to the Parliament for support in these proposals, which had been made to the Council of Ministers of ECSC. A debate ensued on the general subject of the European communities.

The press reported that the European Parliamentary Assembly, meeting on March 28–April 1, 1960, began its session with the election of Prof. Hans Furler, head of the Foreign Affairs Committee of the West German Bundestag, to the presidency, succeeding Robert Schuman of France. The voting reflected party alignment that ignored the nationalities of the members, Dr. Furler, candidate of the Democratic Christian group, having defeated Gaetano Martino of Italy, candidate of the Liberal group. The Socialists, the third party in the Parliament, had not presented a candidate. Prior to a debate on economic policy, Dr. Furler took the rostrum to thank Mr. Schuman for his efforts on behalf of the European Communities, as it was he who had started the six-nation federation with his proposal for the combination of French and West German coal and steel production. Dr. Furler then asked the Parliament to establish the common market at a faster pace than that specified in the 1957 Treaty of Rome, which had brought the market into existence. In this he was aided by Walter Hallstein, president of the Administrative Commission of the European Economic Community (EEC), who explained the proposals for acceleration of the common market and urged their support as a defense against any Soviet trade war against the West. The proposals centered around a 30-percent reduction in the internal customs of the six member states by July 1, 1960, as well as a start toward the establishment of a common exterior tariff. The members had reservations against the plan, but expressed general support for it in a resolution which received near-unanimous approval (the exceptions being one negative vote and two abstentions).

By the Rome treaties of March 25, 1957, which established the European Economic Community (EEC or common market) and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom), five major institutions were created to serve the Communities. Three of these organs, the Assembly, the Court of Justice, and the Economic and Social Committee, were to be the same for both Communities, under the conditions respectively laid down in the two treaties, while the other two institutions, the Council and the Commission, were to remain separate. According to the Convention which dealt with the institutions common to the Communities, the Assembly was to replace the Common Assembly of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), and the Court of Justice was to replace the Court provided for in the treaty establishing ECSC. The Economic and Social Committee was to serve only EEC and Euratom since ECSC was already served by a comparable body, the Consultative Committee.

The second half of the adjourned May 1958 session of the European Parliamentary Assembly was held June 21 to June 27, 1958.1 After holding two ballots, it was decided to recommend Brussels as the site of the European Community's institutions and the future capital of six-nation Europe. The resolution passed by the Assembly recommended that: the executives of the three Communities be grouped in one place; the Assembly's secretariat be located in the same place where the Assembly's standing committees would also meet; the capital be a European district similar to the District of Columbia in the United States; and there might be reasons to hold plenary sessions of the Assembly outside the chosen place, and while in principle all the Community's institutions should be situated in that place, the Court of Justice, the Investment Bank, and the European University could be situated elsewhere if that would facilitate the concentration of the political bodies in one place.

The European Parliamentary Assembly held its second meeting in Strasbourg, May 13 and 14, 1958, under the chairmanship of Robert Schuman. Mr. Paul Finet, President of the High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), presented the sixth general report on ECSC activities. Speaking of developments which the High Authority had to take into account in planning its future action, Mr. Finet referred to the direct exposure of the coal and steel industries to the consequences of an economic recession, the increasing competition and falling prices on the steel market, the need for stabilization of coal production and consumption, and the desirability of encouraging technical research and increasing safety in the mines. Turning to the matter of ECSC's cooperation with the European Economic Community and the European Atomic Energy Community, Mr. Finet pointed out that the absence of a decision concerning the seat of the European institutions constituted a major obstacle, but that the High Authority was ready to contribute toward further integration of the communities. Regarding a free trade area, the High Authority considered it essential that ECSC's power of action within the community should remain unimpaired. The High Authority believed that the price-fixing system prevailing within the European Economic Community called for the adoption of similar rules within the free trade area and that the granting of governmental subsidies should be prohibited.

The European Parliamentary Assembly opened its ordinary session for 1959 on January 7. Mr. Robert Schuman, former French premier and initiator of die European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), was re-elected President by acclamation. The ensuing debates covered a wide field, including the opening up of markets, the problem of competition, a European program for energy resources, industrial safeguards, hygiene and the protection of health, social policy, shortening of the working week in the coal and steel industries of the Community, transport problems, a long-term economic policy, agricultural problems, and the form of association for overseas territories and dependencies.

The European Community is the collective title of the three supra-national institutions—the European Coal and Steel Community, the Common Market, and Euratom—set up by Belgium, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Italy, and Luxembourg (the Six). Each of the three institutions is separate and has its own executive, whose task is to ensure proper functioning and development. Ultimate authority is exercised by the Council of Ministers of each.

Meeting from September 22 to 25, 1959, the European Parliamentary Assembly discussed the principles and problems involved in the establishment of a multilateral European trading association. Opening the debate, Mr. M. P. A. Blaisse (Dutch Popular Catholic) stated that experience had shown that the common market could be considered the driving force of European economic integration. Although at present involving only a part of Europe, it could expand and develop in several ways—by the accession of new members, by the creation of a multilateral association, or by the conclusion of bilateral agreements. Whatever the form of its evolution, the obligations undertaken by member states within the framework of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) could not be ignored; similarly, it was imperative to take into account the interests of the United States and Canada. Thus he suggested that special agreements could be concluded with these two countries, to minimize the effects of trade discrimination, along with continued negotiations with members of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA). He warned against compromise on the final aim, namely, the establishment of a multilateral association. The President of the European Economic Commission, Mr. W. Hallstein, thereupon presented the Commission's recommendations for a trade program on which the six nations could agree. He stated that such a program had to be pragmatic and realistic, and fulfill several conditions: improvement of economic conditions of the nations both inside and outside the European Economic Community (EEC), taking into account Europe's relations with the rest of the world, in particular with the United States; strengthening of the feelings of solidarity between the Community and all those affected by its external commercial policy; and general improvement of trade relations. He urged that care be taken to avoid giving the impression that EEC practiced a policy of discrimination and asked therefore that every effort be made to prove that its aim was the liberalization of trade throughout the world. Specifically, after the next GATT conference, EEC should, in his opinion, forthwith give its agreement to further tariff reductions and, in addition, promote the granting of aid to underdeveloped countries. At the European level, he proposed the creation of a "contact committee, comprised of representatives of the Community and other countries or groups to study the question of the development of external commercial relations. Mr. Hallstein concluded by pointing out that the proposals of his Commission were neither complete nor final. The speakers that followed agreed, on the whole, with the above-mentioned suggestions, but no resolution was adopted and it was decided to re-examine the whole matter at future sessions.

On October 17, 1960, the European Parliamentary Assembly, after a debate on trade policy and economic cooperation with third countries, adopted a draft resolution covering such topics as the coordination of trade policies, relations between the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), and policies toward developing countries. In its resolution the Assembly called for an intensification of consultations between member states and the EEC Commission, with a view to increasing participation by the Commission in bilateral negotiations between member states of the Assembly and third countries. With regard to relations between EEC and EFTA, it suggested that the possibility of the EFTA ountries' ultimately joining EEC be examined in the light of the Rome Treaty and the Stockholm Convention, and, with regard to policies toward the developing countries, it proposed the following steps: 1) stabilizing prices of, and reducing import taxes on, raw materials; 2) enlarging quotas for imports from developing countries; and 3) improving export credit terms, as well as increasing financial aid, to enable such countries to pay for imports essential to their development.

On March 23, 1961, it was announced that the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) had formally taken over its main joint research center when the Italian government's nuclear research center at Ispra was handed over to Euratom President Etienne Hirsch. By the end of 1962 the staff at the center, which was to be not only the main Euratom research center but also its only general-purpose one, was expected to number 1,500. Other joint research centers were being set up at Mol, Belgium; Karlsruhe, Germany; and Patten, the Netherlands. It was also announced that a plan had been set up to build the European Transuranium Institute alongside the Nuclear Research Institute at Karlsruhe, Germany.

The Scientific and Technical Committee of the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom), holding its tenth session in Brussels on October 4, 1960, approved the following undertakings: 1) the establishment of a European information center on the use of radioisotopes; 2) Euratom's participation in studies of the problems involved in using nuclear power for ships; 3) the completion of Euratom's reactor research project, carried out jointly with the French Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA); 4) the proposal to conclude agreements with companies building or operating nuclear-power stations where Community trainees could gain on-the-job experience in construction and operation; and 5) the study of methods for disposing of radioactive waste underground and in the sea.