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Entrepreneurship is an important means for economic development and poverty alleviation . Due to the relevance of entrepreneurship, scholars call for research that contributes to the understanding of successful business creation. In order to best understand new venture creation, research needs to investigate barriers of entrepreneurship. A barrier that has received wide attention in the literature on new venture creation is capital requirements. Scholars argue that capital requirements are an entry barrier for new venture creation, as most people who start businesses have difficulties in acquiring the necessary amount of capital needed for starting the businesses. Particularly in developing countries, scholars and practitioners regard improvements in access to capital as a major solution to support new venture creation. However, besides improving access to capital, there are alternative solutions that help to deal with the problems of capital requirements and capital constraints in the process of new venture creation. In this dissertation, I argue that a possible means to master capital requirements and capital constraints in business creation is action-oriented entrepreneurship training. I draw on actionregulation theory (Frese & Zapf, 1994), theories supporting an interactionist approach (Endler & Edwards, 1986; Terborg, 1981) and on theories about career development (Arthur, 1994; Briscoe & Hall, 2006) to reason that action-oriented entrepreneurship training allows for handling capital requirements and capital constraints with regard to business creation. Specifically, I argue that action-oriented entrepreneurship training helps to deal with financial requirements and capital constraints in two ways: First, the training reduces the negative effect of capital constraints on business creation through the development of financial mental models. Second, the training supports finding employment and receiving employment income, which enable businesses creation. ; Entrepreneurship leistet einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Entwicklung eines Landes und zur Armutsreduktion. Aufgrund dieses wichtigen Beitrages, bedarf es weiterer Forschung, die ein besseres Verständnis über erfolgreiche Unternehmensgründung ermöglicht. Forschung, die Barrieren und Hindernisse für Unternehmensgründung untersuchen, tragen zu einem solchen verbesserten Verständnis bei. Wissenschaftliche Studien zeigen, dass Kapitalbeschränkungen grundlegende Hindernisse für Unternehmensgründungen darstellen. Kapitalbeschränkungen sind Hindernisse im Gründungsprozess, da Unternehmensgründer häufig Schwierigkeiten haben, die für eine Unternehmensgründung notwendigen finanziellen Mittel zu akquirieren. Insbesondere in Entwicklungsländern sind Unternehmensgründer mit Kapitalbeschränkungen konfrontiert. Wissenschaftler, Politiker und Praktiker argumentieren, dass den Hindernissen der Kapitalbeschränkungen mit einem verbesserten Zugang zu Kapital begegnet werden sollte, um somit Unternehmensgründungen in Entwicklungsländern zu fördern. Neben einem verbesserten Kapitalzugang gibt es allerdings Alternativen, die trotz der vorherrschenden Kapitalbeschränkungen zur Förderung von Unternehmensgründungen beitragen. Diese Dissertation legt dar, dass handlungsorientierte Entrepreneurship Trainings eine solche Alternative sind. Die Argumentation, dass handlungsorientierte Entrepreneurship Trainings Unternehmensgründungen trotz gegebenen Kapitalbeschränkungen fördern, erfolgt auf der Basis der Handlungsregulationstheorie von Frese und Zapf (1994), Theorien, die sich auf Interaktionen von Personenvariablen und Umweltvariablen konzentrieren (beispielsweise Endler und Edwards, 1986; Terborg, 1981) sowie Karriereentwicklungstheorien (Arthur, 1994; Briscoe und Hall, 2006). Ergebnisse der Dissertation zeigen, dass handlungsorientierte Entrepreneurship Trainings auf zwei Wegen helfen mit Kapitalbeschränkungen im Gründungsprozess umzugehen: Erstens reduzieren handlungsorientierte Entrepreneurship Trainings den negativen Effekt von Kapitalbeschränkungen auf Unternehmensgründungen, indem sie die Entwicklung von finanziellen mentalen Modellen der Trainingsteilnehmer unterstützen. Zweitens tragen handlungsorientierte Entrepreneurship Trainings dazu bei, dass Trainingsteilnehmer schneller eine Anstellung finden und in dieser Anstellung erfolgreich sind. Handlungsorientierte Entrepreneurship Trainings verhelfen somit zur Generierung von Einkommen. Einkommen ermöglicht den Trainingsteilnehmern finanzielle Mittel zu akquirieren, die für Unternehmensgründungen eingesetzt werden können. Auf diese Weise fördern handlungsorientierte Entrepreneurship Trainings Unternehmensgründungen trotz gegebener Umstände der Kapitalbeschränkungen.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to understand the gender‐related challenges of Pakistani women entrepreneurs, to explore these women's particular capacity‐building needs, and to assess the impact of capacity‐building programs on the establishment and performance of the women's enterprises.Design/methodology/approachThe paper begins with a review of various theoretical contexts through which to understand women's entrepreneurship in an Islamic socio‐cultural context. From this, the paper derived two working propositions: women in Islamic Pakistan face particular barriers to becoming entrepreneurs; these barriers can be reduced by women‐only training in entrepreneurial competences. These propositions are examined in a three‐part longitudinal process: a field survey to gather information about the training needs of current and potential women entrepreneurs, the design and delivery of a women‐only training module, a follow‐up survey with participants, 18 months later. Subjects and participants were randomly selected, and segmented according to entrepreneurial factors and characteristics.FindingsResults confirm that the barriers perceived by women entrepreneurs in Islamic Pakistan can be alleviated through women‐only training that allows participants to develop capital and competences. Greater clarity about learning outcomes desired and achieved by women entrepreneurs in an Islamic socio‐cultural context can be a basis for designing improved training and education programmes, with a view to women's economic empowerment.Practical implicationsFor women entrepreneurs living in an Islamic society, this analysis has implications for understanding the importance and effectiveness of entrepreneurial training especially in a women‐only setting. For policy makers, it turns the spotlight on the need for creating an environment conducive to female entrepreneurship consistent with socio‐cultural structures and gender asymmetries.Originality/valueThere are no comparable previous data on the learning preferences and outcomes of this particular demographic group.

This systematic review explores the perceived benefits of entrepreneurship education interventions for low-income women. It analyzes 11 empirical articles, identifying 69 benefits categorized into seven groups: financial, social status, mental health and quality of life, skills development, personal development, gender issues, and decision-making power. The review highlights the lack of standardization in data collection among the studies and the variability in benefit perception among women, influenced by individual contexts and intervention complexities. It emphasizes that that the authors reviewed are not yet relating to each and there is a need for deeper exploration of the subject to improve our understanding of the contextual factors that can enhance the effectiveness of such interventions, aiming at more substantial practical outcomes.

Abstract
We present experimental evidence on the effects of entrepreneurship training for unemployed workers in the U.S. at two different stages in the business cycle. In the context of a strong economy, training helped training participants – particularly those with prior self-employment experience – to start a business and become self-employed, while it may have persuaded others to pursue salary employment instead. During the Great Recession, training helped training participants become self-employed, particularly those with no prior self-employment experience. Regardless of economic conditions, positive impacts on self-employment were partly or largely offset by reductions in regular employment. These findings indicate that entrepreneurship training may help unemployed workers to become self-employed at different stages of the business cycle, but there is weak evidence that it can be an effective policy for combating unemployment, particularly during recessions.