The use of complexity science in evaluation has received growing attention over the last 20 years. We present the use of a novel complexity-appropriate method – Participatory Systems Mapping – in two real-world evaluation contexts and consider how this method can be applied more widely in evaluation. Participatory Systems Mapping involves the production of a causal map of a system by a diverse set of stakeholders. The map, once refined and validated, can be analysed and used in a variety of ways in an evaluation or in evaluation planning. The analysis approach combines network analysis with subjective information from stakeholders. We suggest Participatory Systems Mapping shows great potential to offer value to evaluators due to the unique insights it offers, the relative ease of its use, and its complementarity with existing evaluation approaches and methods.
IN THIS INTRODUCTION TO A SYMPOSIUM ON ENERGY POLICY, THE AUTHORS OFFER AN OVERVIEW OF THE RELEVANT FEDERAL POLICY AS THE CONTEXT FOR THEORETICAL DISCUSSION, BRIEFLY EXPLORE THEORETICAL ISSUES, AND RELATE THE INDIVIDUAL SYMPOSIUM PAPERS TO THE SYMPOSIUM GOALS.
Introduces a symposium, and provides a brief overview of relevant federal policy as context for the theoretical discussion; explores theoretical issues; and relates the individual articles to the three ends the symposium seeks to serve. (Abstract amended)
This textbook explains the main economic mechanisms behind energy markets and assesses how governments can implement policies to improve these markets' performance. Adopting a microeconomic perspective, it systematically analyses the various types of market failures on the electricity and gas markets as well as coal, oil, hydrogen and heat markets in order to identify government policies that can improve welfare. Critical factors in this regard include the natural monopoly and the public-goods character of energy infrastructures; market power structures resulting from inflexibility of supply and demand; international trade restrictions; negative externalities concerning the use of fossil energy; positive externalities concerning innovative new energy technologies; information asymmetries with regard to the product characteristics of energy commodities; and other public concerns, such as energy poverty. In turn, readers will learn about various measures that governments can use to address these market failures, including incentive regulations for electricity grids; international integration of wholesale energy markets; environmental regulatory measures like emissions trading schemes; subsidy schemes for new technologies; green-energy certificate schemes; and energy taxes. This second, updated and expanded edition addresses recent developments in international energy markets that have resulted in extremely high prices and concerns about the markets' ability of to provide a secure energy supply. Further, it examines several countries' intensified measures to implement the transition to a low-carbon energy system. Given its scope, the book will appeal to upper-undergraduate and graduate students from various disciplines who want to learn more about the economics and regulation of energy systems and markets. "Given Mulder's experience in government and academia, he provides a novel contribution to the literature by systematically analyzing different types of market failures and potential remedies offered by economic theory. Overall, Mulder's textbook should be a valuable reference for students and energy policy analysts." (J. Wesley Burnett, The Energy Journal, Vol. 43, Number 3).
At EU and to a varying degree at Member State (MS) level, industrial energy efficiency improvement (EEI) is considered an attractive means for reaching political objectives of different dimensions, not least environmental. For energy-intensive manufacturing industry in particular, EEI can lead to cost reductions, improved profitability and competitiveness. However, research and other analyses show that far from all privately profitable EEI actions are implemented, and for this reason a number of policies, programmes and instruments, have been launched to stimulate industrial EEI. For political objectives and measures to be credible, it is essential that the policy process is informed by close evaluations of progress, impact and other outcomes. Evaluation results can also contribute to the improvement of programmes in operation. This thesis contributes with evaluations and assessments of existing programmes and instruments that, besides other objectives, targets industrial EEI and GHG emissions reduction in energy-intensive manufacturing industry in Sweden and partly elsewhere. The research combines a theory-based evaluation approach with impact evaluations and other forms of analysis to find out if and to what extent that desired results in terms of energy savings and GHG emissions reductions are achieved. Outcomes in terms of corporate responses to policies are also addressed in order to identify underlying factors for changes to occur. The results show that the Swedish programme for improving energy efficiency in energy-intensive industries (PFE) has resulted in large and cost-effective electricity savings. As a main programme instrument the implementation and certification of industrial Energy Management Systems (EnMS) has led to organizational changes among interviewed firms in the Swedish pulp and paper industry (PPI). Through its combination of instruments PFE has caused attention-raising effects and norm changes towards a higher priority for EEI. A top-down decomposition analysis of energy trends in the Swedish PPI shows that especially electricity efficiency improvement has increased in the post-2000 period. This result corresponds well with bottom-up reported electricity savings in PFE and confirms the success of the programme. Also CO2 emissions have been reduced in Swedish PPI. An interview-based study on the influence of the EU emissions trading system (EU ETS) on corporate climate strategies shows that the economic value of CO2 emissions is accounted for, but that the carbon price tag represents a minor factor among many that underpin industrial investment decisions. In the third period of EU ETS, the amount of free allocation to manufacturing industry is generally reduced compared to previous periods. However, the outcomes of the new allocation rules are dispersed in some industrial sub-sectors. For instance, the Swedish PPI will receive free allocation well above the actual emission level. To further stimulate industrial decarbonisation, the ongoing discussion on structural reforms of EU ETS is welcomed. To further stimulate industrial EEI the continuation of complementary industrial policies is recommended.
AUTHOR DISCUSSES JAPAN'S CONCERNS ABOUT ENERGY IN THE NEXT DECADE, WHICH ARE FOCUSED ON TWO TASKS: THE NEED TO SECURE ENOUGH OIL TO MAINTAIN STEADY ECONOMIC GROWTH, AND THE NEED TO DIVERSIFY THE SOURCES OF ENERGY. THE AUTHOR EXAMINES JAPAN'S PROGRAM OF DIVERSIFICATION, LOOKS AT THE POLICY PROCESS IN JAPAN FOR DEVELOPING AN ENERGY POLICY, AND CONCLUDES WITH A DISCUSSION OF FUTURE PROSPECTS.
This report examines the need for renewable energy policies in the country and states that the primary objective of such policy measures will be to identify and examine strategies and make recommendations for introducing renewable energy into the local energy mix. it lists the benefits and barriers to renewable energy development, and outlines the sectors that will be affected by the implementation of these new policies.
