Suchergebnisse

EU has a target for energy efficiency for 2020, namely a 20 % reduction in theprimary energy consumption relative to the PRIMES 2007 forecast for 2020.According to the new energy efficiency directive, that was agreed upon inJune 2012, the target is that primary energy consumption must be no morethan 1,474 Mtoe or that final energy consumption must be no more than1,078 Mtoe by 2020. This is an absolute target for EU as a whole. There are nobinding targets for member states.Due to the time lapse from goal setting, to policy formulation and practicalimplementation it is found that 2020 is just around the corner, and that it ishigh time to start discussion about the next goals. This could be concrete targetsfor 2030 and indicative targets for 2050. In this report target design andpolicy instruments are discussed from a Nordic perspective: Is it relevant tohave an energy efficiency target? Should targets for energy efficiency be set interms of primary energy or final energy? In absolute numbers or in relativenumbers? Whether and how to divide the burden sharing? What are the Nordicpositions of strength with regard to policy instruments?

Цель. Цель исследования состоит в определении ключевых направлений реформирования энергетического менеджмента в поддержку осуществления политики устойчивого развития в условиях переходной экономики. В соответствие с этой целью, были сформулированы следующие исследовательские задачи: 1) проанализировать опыт ЕС и европейских стран, которые прошли путь имплементации концепции энергоэффективности; 2) определить основные способы реализации концепции энергоэффективности в условиях переходной экономики; 3) предложить концептуальные подходы для сбалансирования целей снижения потребления энергии и экономического роста в Украине. Методика. Основные аргументы в статье разработаны на основе анализа научных работ по проблемам энергоэффективности в контексте устойчивого развития, сравнения статистики в области энергопотребления, энергоэффективности и экономического роста в различных регионах и странах, анализа опыта различных стран, особенно в Германии. Результаты. В статье анализируется взаимосвязь между энергоемкостью и ростом ВВП, рассматривается современная модель ЕС в области энергоэффективности, изучаются различия энергетической политики в различных регионах и ЕС. Системный подход позволяет выявить основные методы и меры, обеспечивающие эффективность энергетической политики в Германии, которые полезны для Украины. Научная новизна. В исследовании проанализированы основные методы и меры, обеспечивающие эффективность энергетической политики в Германии, в том числе таких областях, как регуляторная политика, финансирование, рыночные инструменты. Практическая значимость. Предложенная система методов и мер может быть полезна для планирования действий, направленных на укрепление потенциала энергоэффективности в условиях переходной экономики. ; Purpose. The purpose of the presented research is to discuss the key directions for the reformation of energy management in support of sustainable development policy implementation under conditions of transitional economy. In accordance with this aim the following objectives were formulated: 1) to analyse the experience of the EU and European countries, which have implemented the energy efficiency concept; 2) to identify the main methods for the implementation of energy efficiency concept in a transitional economy; 3) to suggest conceptual approaches for balancing targets of energy saving and economic growth in Ukraine. Methodology. The main arguments in the article are developed by analysing scientific papers on the issue of energy efficiency in the context of sustainable development, through comparative analysis of statistics in the area of energy consumption, energy efficiency and economic growth in various regions and countries, and by analysing experience of different countries in this field, Germany in particular. Conclusions. This article analyses the relationship between energy intensity and GDP growth, reviews the contemporary model for energy efficiency in the EU and studies differences between energy policies in various regions and the EU. The system approach allows to identify the main methods and measures that ensure the effectiveness of energy policy in Germany, which can be considered as useful for Ukraine. Originality. The study reviewed and analysed the main methods and measures that ensure the effectiveness of energy policy in Germany, including the domains of regulatory policy, funding, market instruments. Practical value. The proposed system of methods and measures may be useful for the planning of actions towards strengthening the capacity of energy efficiency in the conditions of the transition economy.

Monitoring the progress of the European Union and its Member States towards the EU's energy efficiency target is a crucial part of the mandatory process as defined in the Energy Efficiency Directive 2012/27/EU. In this paper, we conduct index decomposition analyses to show the effects of both policies and autonomous developments driving the changes of primary energy consumption for the European Union (EU28) and its Member States for the time period of 2000 to 2014, with a comparative analysis of Germany and Poland. These analyses are based on the logarithmic mean Divisia index methodology and primarily on data compiled by Eurostat. They are carried out on two levels, i.e. on the level of total primary energy consumption as well as on the level of primary energy consumption related to electricity generation. The first level examines the influences of changes in final energy consumption and changes within the energy conversion sector on primary energy consumption. With the second level, we provide insights into the effects of changes in electricity consumption and production. According to our first-level analysis, the consumption of primary energy in the EU28 is primarily influenced by an increased share of electrical energy and the counteracting effect of rising efficiency in electricity generation, induced by an increasing share of renewable energies. Furthermore, the reduction of final energy consumption had a significant decreasing influence on primary energy consumption in the European Union. The second level of our analysis regarding electricity generation shows that the increasing effect on primary energy consumption due to the rising consumption of electricity was mainly compensated by substituting nuclear and thermal power plants by renewable energy technologies.

Monitoring the progress of the European Union and its Member States towards the EU's energy efficiency target is a crucial part of the mandatory process as defined in the Energy Efficiency Directive 2012/27/EU. In this paper, we conduct index decomposition analyses to show the effects of both policies and autonomous developments driving the changes of primary energy consumption for the European Union (EU28) and its Member States for the time period of 2000 to 2014, with a comparative analysis of Germany and Poland. These analyses are based on the logarithmic mean Divisia index methodology and primarily on data compiled by Eurostat. They are carried out on two levels, i.e. on the level of total primary energy consumption as well as on the level of primary energy consumption related to electricity generation. The first level examines the influences of changes in final energy consumption and changes within the energy conversion sector on primary energy consumption. With the second level, we provide insights into the effects of changes in electricity consumption and production. According to our first-level analysis, the consumption of primary energy in the EU28 is primarily influenced by an increased share of electrical energy and the counteracting effect of rising efficiency in electricity generation, induced by an increasing share of renewable energies. Furthermore, the reduction of final energy consumption had a significant decreasing influence on primary energy consumption in the European Union. The second level of our analysis regarding electricity generation shows that the increasing effect on primary energy consumption due to the rising consumption of electricity was mainly compensated by substituting nuclear and thermal power plants by renewable energy technologies.

Despite the fossil fuel fired power generatingplants being the major producers of greenhouse gases, it isclearly evident that renewable sources of energy are not going toreplace them any time soon. There is a general consensusamongst scientists and governments that our climate is changingat an unprecedented rate, and it is argued that it is largely causedby greenhouse gas emissions from economic activity that isunlikely to be significantly scaled down through forums andprotocols. Many studies indicate that a higher concentration ofgreenhouse gases in the atmosphere, particularly carbon dioxide,is the primary cause of global warming that is driving climatechange. While awaiting for renewable energy to make furthertechnological advances, improve its efficiency, and place itself asa cost effective contender to conventional power generation,energy efficiency and conservation are currently the leastexpensive alternative for power and process industry to meet agrowing demand for cleaner energy. For all the renewable energyresources put together, renewable energy accounts for 19.1% oftotal electricity production, of which 85% is hydro-electricity.Energy efficiency and renewable energy should remain the twinpillars of sustainable energy policy [1]. In many countries, energyefficiency is also seen to have a national security benefit becauseit can be used to reduce the level of energy imports from foreigncountries and may slow down the rate at which domestic energyresources are depleted.In this paper, we focus on the current state of the electricalsystem efficiency from generation to utilisation, and identify thecritical areas where efficiency can be enhanced through currenttechnology, design and operational practice.

This paper aims to unravel the effects of both policies and autonomous developments driving the changes of final energy consumption for the European Union (EU28) and its member states complemented with an in-depth analysis of two EU member states, Germany and Poland, for the period of 2000 to 2015 by the logarithmic mean Divisia index methodology (LMDI). We examine the influences on the changes in final energy consumption for each of the five main demand sectors at aggregated level and at a more detailed level of residential end-uses, transport modes and industrial sub-sectors. With the second level, we provide insights into the effects of policies from a European and national perspective. Our analysis shows that final energy consumption in the EU28 is primarily influenced by an increase in energy efficiency in industry followed by households. For the latter, the energy savings were mainly realised in space heating. The main counteracting drivers were increasing economic activity and the rising demand for higher comfort and social factors, such as a declining household size. Germany shows relatively low energy efficiency improvements in industry, but strong energy efficiency gains in households followed by transport. Poland's transport, however, is responsible for a strong increase in final energy consumption mainly through increased activity, while here the sector industry - despite strong effects of increased activity - in total shows a significant reduction in energy consumption through energy efficiency improvements.

This paper aims to unravel the effects of both policies and autonomous developments driving the changes of final energy consumption for the European Union (EU28) and its member states complemented with an in-depth analysis of two EU member states, Germany and Poland, for the period of 2000 to 2015 by the logarithmic mean Divisia index methodology (LMDI). We examine the influences on the changes in final energy consumption for each of the five main demand sectors at aggregated level and at a more detailed level of residential end-uses, transport modes and industrial sub-sectors. With the second level, we provide insights into the effects of policies from a European and national perspective. Our analysis shows that final energy consumption in the EU28 is primarily influenced by an increase in energy efficiency in industry followed by households. For the latter, the energy savings were mainly realised in space heating. The main counteracting drivers were increasing economic activity and the rising demand for higher comfort and social factors, such as a declining household size. Germany shows relatively low energy efficiency improvements in industry, but strong energy efficiency gains in households followed by transport. Poland's transport, however, is responsible for a strong increase in final energy consumption mainly through increased activity, while here the sector industry—despite strong effects of increased activity—in total shows a significant reduction in energy consumption through energy efficiency improvements.

Purpose. The purpose of the presented research is to discuss the key directions for the reformation of energy management in support of sustainable development policy implementation under conditions of transitional economy. In accordance with this aim the following objectives were formulated: 1) to analyse the experience of the EU and European countries, which have implemented the energy efficiency concept; 2) to identify the main methods for the implementation of energy efficiency concept in a transitional economy; 3) to suggest conceptual approaches for balancing targets of energy saving and economic growth in Ukraine.Methodology. The main arguments in the article are developed by analysing scientific papers on the issue of energy efficiency in the context of sustainable development, through comparative analysis of statistics in the area of energy consumption, energy efficiency and economic growth in various regions and countries, and by analysing experience of different countries in this field, Germany in particular.Conclusions. This article analyses the relationship between energy intensity and GDP growth, reviews the contemporary model for energy efficiency in the EU and studies differences between energy policies in various regions and the EU. The system approach allows to identify the main methods and measures that ensure the effectiveness of energy policy in Germany, which can be considered as useful for Ukraine.Originality. The study reviewed and analysed the main methods and measures that ensure the effectiveness of energy policy in Germany, including the domains of regulatory policy, funding, market instruments.Practical value. The proposed system of methods and measures may be useful for the planning of actions towards strengthening the capacity of energy efficiency in the conditions of the transition economy. ; Цель. Цель исследования состоит в определении ключевых направлений реформирования энергетического менеджмента в поддержку осуществления политики устойчивого развития в условиях переходной ...

This report presents the case study of Cyprus for the IEE project "Monitoring of energy efficiency in EU 27, Norway and Croatia (Odyssee-Mure)". Firstly it provides the economic and energy background to energy efficiency and then presents an assessment of energy efficiency trends in Cyprus in the period 1995-2010. Finally the energy efficiency measures and policies are presented and evaluated. The report is based on indicators produced from the Odyssee database and the measures extracted from the Mure database both available on line. Cyprus economy has grown by 32% in the period 2000-2010, an annual increase of 2.9% in the GDP. Value added increased in all sectors except agriculture. The most important sector which is services has increased by 40% and this explains the overall economic growth. The value added of industry increased by 12.5% over the same period, and the private consumption of households increased by 38.4%. The fiscal deficit initially deteriorated from 2.3% of GDP in year 2000 to 4.1% of GDP in 2004, became a surplus in years 2007 and 2008, and then deteriorated again strongly and reached 5.3% of GDP in 2010. Cyprus has adopted the euro in 1/1/2008. The euro zone has further stimulated economic growth. The economy is mainly services driven depending heavily on tourism but also on banking services and companies operating in Cyprus using the beneficial tax and credit system. The accession of Cyprus to the EU had a negative impact on agriculture, due to the cheaper agricultural imports from other EU countries and because of the long term water shortage which the Government has not resolved yet (desalination plants are currently expanded for this purpose) but also due to the common agricultural EU policy. The expansion of the value added of industry after 2001 is attributed to the construction of buildings (foreign demand). Private consumption has increased by 38.4% which is explained by low unemployment and increase in the disposable income of households. The conclusion is that Cyprus is a services-dominated economy with good macroeconomic indicators which has managed to enter the euro zone by implementing strict policies in public finance. The Cyprus energy system is small and isolated with no interconnections and no natural gas yet. Since 1995, primary energy consumption has increased by 40% - from 1970 ktoe in 1995 to 2769 ktoe in 2010. During the same period final energy consumption has increased by 35% - from 1409 ktoe to 1909 ktoe in 2010. Oil remains the dominant energy source of final consumers (72%). The shares in the energy balance of 2010 are: transport 56% (15% aviation), 17% households, 12% tertiary, 13% industry, 2% agriculture. During the period 1995-2010 primary energy intensity has decreased by 0.9%/year. In the same period final energy intensity has also decreased by 0.9%/year. The ratio of final to primary energy intensity has decreased slightly from 72% in 1995 to 71% in 2010. This essentially stable ratio is due to the transformation sector which has a low efficiency of 32%. Renewable energy sources (RES) have started to develop due to the relevant EU directive, and now comprises about 5% of final consumption. The decrease of the energy intensities suggest that improvement in energy efficiency has taken place although structural changes have also played a major role. During the period 2000-2010 the total energy efficiency index (Odex) has improved by 13% compared with 12% of the EU 27. The reasons for the improvement is the energy efficiency improvement of the industrial sector (mainly from the installations subject to the EU Emissions Trading system – ETS) and also the contribution from the transport sector (56% of final energy consumption) which has improved its efficiency thanks to new clean and fuel efficient vehicles. The efficiency index of the industrial sector has improved by 29% in the period 2000- 2010. The improvement is attributed to the non metallic mineral branch, which is subject to ETS, but also to some other branches which implement energy saving measures. The ETS sector consumes around 70% of industrial energy consumption. The other energy consuming branch is the food/beverage sector. Between 2000 and 2010 the household sector shows improvement 23% in the global Odex and 11% in the technical Odex. Even though the quality of data in this sector is not very good we can justify the improvement after the year 2004 when Cyprus entered the EU and the measures implemented have started to create energy savings. Prior to accession no significant policies existed. The very important EU directive for the energy performance of buildings has not been implemented fully yet and therefore the large savings potential is still unexploited. The transport sector shows an improvement of 9% in the Odex in the period 2000- 2010. Since in this period passenger traffic using public transport has decreased drastically, the improvement should mainly be attributed to the penetration of new clean and fuel efficient vehicles. Until 2004 diesel fuel prices for transport were subsidised. Therefore the large engine capacity private vehicles were replaced gradually when prices were liberalised. Another factor affecting the efficiency of this sector is energy consumption of aviation (15% of total national final consumption). From the jet fuel consumption per passenger a decrease of 17% has taken place in the same time period. In Cyprus public transport is not well developed. There is no rail infrastructure or water transport. However in 2009 a new Law was enacted for the regulation and development of public transport. The entire bus fleet will be gradually replaced and increased with new and environmentally friendly vehicles together with other infrastructure. Total CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in Cyprus have increased from 4.77 Mt CO2 in 1995 to 8.4 Mt CO2 in 2010. The increase is mainly caused by the low energy efficiency of the electricity generation which is 32% in the time period and is oil based since there is no natural gas. Natural gas will not reach Cyprus before 2015. The total direct CO2 emissions from all final energy consuming sectors have increased by 18% between 1995 and 2010, from 3.6 Mt CO2 in 1995 to 4.2 MtCO2 in 2010, while they had peaked in year 2007 to 4.7 Mt CO2 and then declined as a result of the economic downturn of years 2008-2010. Cyprus has significant potential for energy savings in buildings and then in transport. Since the accession in 2004 all European policies in energy efficiency have been transposed and started to be implemented gradually. It is expected that a few more years are required until all the measures synergistically will deliver significant energy savings. In this respect the second National action plan (ESD 2006/32/EC) has been submitted by the Ministry of Commerce and Industry (www.mcit.gov.cy) in 2011 to the Commission with all the measures necessary for achieving a target of 10% in year 2016. The emphasis is two fold firstly to implement fully the EPBD directive, provide incentives to existing buildings for efficiency improvements and then to develop an efficient, environmentally friendly public transport system. Two more elements have occurred in the recent years which will affect drastically the energy policy in Cyprus. Firstly the major catastrophic accident of the biggest power station in Limassol in July 2011 after the explosion at a near-by naval base. The capacity was 700 MWe (50% of total). This has resulted in severe problems to cover the demand and significant increase of electricity prices. The second is that Cyprus is exploiting its economic exclusive zone (EEZ) for hydrocarbons and has completed two rounds of authorising rights in the 12 sea blocks of the EEZ. Thus far the results from the research drilling (first round of licensing from one block) have proven significant reserves of natural gas whose recovery is expected to start by 2017. The gas will be transferred to land via a pipeline with the construction also of an LNG terminal. ; Cyprus Institute of Energy

Purpose. The purpose of the presented research is to discuss the key directions for the reformation of energy management in support of sustainable development policy implementation under conditions of transitional economy. In accordance with this aim the following objectives were formulated: 1) to analyse the experience of the EU and European countries, which have implemented the energy efficiency concept; 2) to identify the main methods for the implementation of energy efficiency concept in a transitional economy; 3) to suggest conceptual approaches for balancing targets of energy saving and economic growth in Ukraine.Methodology. The main arguments in the article are developed by analysing scientific papers on the issue of energy efficiency in the context of sustainable development, through comparative analysis of statistics in the area of energy consumption, energy efficiency and economic growth in various regions and countries, and by analysing experience of different countries in this field, Germany in particular.Conclusions. This article analyses the relationship between energy intensity and GDP growth, reviews the contemporary model for energy efficiency in the EU and studies differences between energy policies in various regions and the EU. The system approach allows to identify the main methods and measures that ensure the effectiveness of energy policy in Germany, which can be considered as useful for Ukraine.Originality. The study reviewed and analysed the main methods and measures that ensure the effectiveness of energy policy in Germany, including the domains of regulatory policy, funding, market instruments.Practical value. The proposed system of methods and measures may be useful for the planning of actions towards strengthening the capacity of energy efficiency in the conditions of the transition economy. ; Цель. Цель исследования состоит в определении ключевых направлений реформирования энергетического менеджмента в поддержку осуществления политики устойчивого развития в условиях переходной экономики. В соответствие с этой целью, были сформулированы следующие исследовательские задачи: 1) проанализировать опыт ЕС и европейских стран, которые прошли путь имплементации концепции энергоэффективности; 2) определить основные способы реализации концепции энергоэффективности в условиях переходной экономики; 3) предложить концептуальные подходы для сбалансирования целей снижения потребления энергии и экономического роста в Украине.Методика. Основные аргументы в статье разработаны на основе анализа научных работ по проблемам энергоэффективности в контексте устойчивого развития, сравнения статистики в области энергопотребления, энергоэффективности и экономического роста в различных регионах и странах, анализа опыта различных стран, особенно в Германии.Результаты. В статье анализируется взаимосвязь между энергоемкостью и ростом ВВП, рассматривается современная модель ЕС в области энергоэффективности, изучаются различия энергетической политики в различных регионах и ЕС. Системный подход позволяет выявить основные методы и меры, обеспечивающие эффективность энергетической политики в Германии, которые полезны для Украины.Научная новизна. В исследовании проанализированы основные методы и меры, обеспечивающие эффективность энергетической политики в Германии, в том числе таких областях, как регуляторная политика, финансирование, рыночные инструменты.Практическая значимость. Предложенная система методов и мер может быть полезна для планирования действий, направленных на укрепление потенциала энергоэффективности в условиях переходной экономики. ; Мета. Мета дослідження полягає у визначенні ключових напрямків реформування енергетичного менеджменту в підтримку здійснення політики сталого розвитку в умовах перехідної економіки. У відповідністю з цією метою, були сформульовані наступні дослідницькі завдання: 1) проаналізувати досвід ЄС і європейських країн, які пройшли шлях імплементації концепції енергоефективності; 2) визначити основні способи реалізації концепції енергоефективності в умовах перехідної економіки; 3) запропонувати концептуальні підходи до збалансування цілей зниження споживання енергії та економічного зростання в Україні.Методика . Основні аргументи у статті розроблені на основі аналізу наукових праць з проблем енергоефективності в контексті сталого розвитку, порівняння статистики в області енергоспоживання, енергоефективності та економічного зростання в різних регіонах і країнах, аналізу досвіду різних країн, особливо в Німеччині.Результати. У статті аналізується взаємозв 'язок між енергоємністю і зростанням ВВП, розглядає сучасну модель ЄС у галузі енергоефективності, вивчає відмінності енергетичної політики в різних регіонах та ЄС. Системний підхід дозволяє виявити основні методи і заходи, що забезпечують ефективність енергетичної політики в Німеччині, що корисні для України.Наукова новизна. У дослідженні проаналізовано основні методи і заходи, що забезпечують ефективність енергетичної політики в Німеччині, у тому числі таких областях, як регуляторна політика, фінансування, ринкові інструменти.Практична значимість. Запропонована система методів і заходів можуть бути корисними для планування дій, спрямованих на зміцнення потенціалу енергоефективності в умовах перехідної економіки.

The achievement of the 32.5% energy efficiency target set for 2030 in the Energy Efficiency Directive 2018/2002 could determine the success of the EU Member States' actions and policy measures to improve energy efficiency. However, the way the target was set presents several limitations, and the target is based on a hypothetical percentage of future primary energy use rather than absolute energy savings. Thus, the objectives of this study are to provide new insight into (i) the levels of energy efficiency improvements achieved by the EU over the period 1995–2015 by employing a decomposition analysis approach—Logarithm Mean Divisia Index—and using disaggregated final energy consumption data, (ii) the progress of the EU towards the energy efficiency target set for 2030, and (iii) the energy security and climate benefits associated with energy efficiency improvements. The results show that from 1995 to 2015, efficiency allowed the EU to save approximately 235 Mtoe of final energy. Additionally, energy efficiency improvements reduced the EU's dependence on energy imports at the average rate of 1% per year, saved 811 MtCO2, and contributed to achieving 52.5% of the energy efficiency target set for 2030.