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The hot, humid tropical areas are characterized by a high incidence of thermal discomfort due to warmth for most of the year. During the hot period bioclimatic comfort may be achieved with air conditioning or fans, resulting in a considerable consumption of energy. This proportion of domestic energy consumption is significant in overall energy use. The increasing difficulty faced by almost all developing countries in meeting the rising costs of energy supplies makes it necessary that serious efforts be made to reduce energy consumption. By employing energy conservation measures through the application of bioclimatic design techniques and natural cooling systems, a considerable reduction in energy consumption can be achieved. In conservation-oriented design, energy consumption should be considered as a major design factor. For the conservation measures to have the desired impact on overall national energy demand, governments (and parastatal bodies) have a role to play. Through extensive information programmes, pilot projects, building legislation and regulations, education and retraining of experts, measures may be taken to reduce consumption of non-renewable energy in new buildings.

Increased energy performance of the building stock of European Union is seen as an important measure towards mitigating climate change, increasing resource utilisation efficiency and energy supply security. Whether to improve the supply-side, the demand-side or both is an open issue. This conflict is even more apparent in countries such as Sweden with a high penetration of district heating (DH). Many Swedish DH systems have high share of secondary energy resources such as forest industry residuals, waste material incineration and waste heat; and resource efficient cogeneration of electricity in combined heat and power (CHP) plants. When implementing an energy conservation measure (ECM) in a DH connected building stock, it will affect the operation of the whole DH system. If there are CHP plants and the cogeneration of electricity decreases due to an ECM, and this electricity is valued higher than the fuel savings, the consequences of the ECM would be negative. These complex relationships are investigated by conducting a case study on the Eskilstuna DH system, a renewable energy supply system with relatively high share of cogenerated electricity. Heat demand profiles of ECMs are determined by building energy simulation, using recently deep energy retrofitted multifamily buildings of the "Million Programme"-era in Eskilstuna as model basis. How implementing ECMs impact on the DH system's heat and electricity production under different electricity revenue scenarios has been computed and evaluated in terms of resource efficiency and CO2 emissions. The results show that different ECMs in the buildings impact differently on the DH system. Measures such as improved insulation level of the building's envelope, that decrease the heat demand's dependence to outdoor temperature, increase the amount of cogenerated electricity. While measures such as thermal solar panels, which save heat during summer, affects the absolute amount of cogenerated electricity negatively. Revenues from cogenerated electricity influence the amount of cost-effectively produced electricity much more than the impact from ECMs. Environmental benefits of the ECMs, measured in CO2 emissions and primary energy consumption, are quite small in DH systems that have high share of forest residual fuels and electricity cogeneration. The consequences can even be negative if ECMs lead to increased need of imported electricity that is produced resource inefficiently or/and by fossil fuels. However, all studied ECMs increase the relative amount of cogenerated electricity, the ratio between amount of cogenerated electricity and the heat load. This implied that all ECMs increase the overall efficiency of the Eskilstuna DH system.

Energy efficiency and conservation has been gaining much attention in recent years, and is strongly encouraged by the government as well as the energy sector as it is a vital step towards a sustainable global energy ecosystem. However, the identification of the cause of energy wastage and inefficiency in residential buildings is rather challenging. Several studies related to the prediction of energy saving through the implementation of Energy Conservation Measures (ECMs) have been conducted over the years. However, the majority of these studies are based on commercial and public buildings such as offices, educational institutions and government buildings.The constraint of performing the energy audit for residential buildings can be solved using softwares. In this study, Building Energy Intensity Tool (BEIT) is used to perform the energy simulation on a double-storey bungalow to determine the potential energy savings as a result of implementation of ECMs. The study suggests several improvements that can reduce the overall energy consumption in the building. Results show that significant energy savings can be achieved by installing tinted films for the windows in the building as well as roof insulation. A simple change in the occupants' behaviour such as reducing the lighting and plug load also brings about significant energy savings. The implementation of ECMs in the residential building is economically viable since the payback period is reasonable.

SUMMARY It is now recognised that the days of cheap energy are over. But most future forms of energy will be even more costly, because of greatly increased capital costs and steady exhaustion. This article argues that given Britain's relative lack of capital, its energy policies need radical reconsideration. Such a programme would include a comparison of capital costs for a range of fuels, and a far‐reaching study of energy conservation, some requiring a revolution in thinking, research and planning. The main areas requiring study are identified, and include energy use in agriculture, waste at point of production and point of use, and recycling.RESUME L'énergie et la conservationOn reconnait à présent que le temps de l'énergie à bon marche est révolu. Mais la plupart des formes d'énergie dans l'avenir coûteront encore plus cher à cause de la hausse considérable du coût des capitaux et l'épuisement continu. Cet article soutient que la Grande‐Bretagne, étant donné son manque relatif de capital, aurait besoin de repenser d'une manière radicale ses programmes énergétiques. Un tel programme comprendrait une comparaison des frais d'investissement pour différents combustibles, et une étude de grande envergure de la conservation de l'énergie, nécessitant dans certains cas une révolution dans la pensée, la recherche et le planning. Les principaux domaines devant être étudiés sont identifiés: ils comprennent l'utilisation de l'énergie en agriculture, la déperdition au point de la production et au point de l'utilisation, et le recyclage.RESUMEN La energía y la conservaciónTodo el mundo está de acuerdo actualmente en que ya han pasado los días en que la energía costaba poco dinero, pero las formas futuras de energía serán todavía más caras, a causa del coste básico cada vez mayor y de su agotamiento constante. En este artículo se pretende demostrar que, dada la relativa falta de capital en Gran Bretaña, su política energética exige una reconsideración a fondo. Un programa de esta índole debería presentar un análisis de los costes concretos de toda una gama de combustibles, así como un estudio a largo plazo de la cuestión de la conservación de la energía, lo cual probablemente constituiría una revolución intelectual en cuanto a la investigación y la planificación. Se señalan aquí los principales puntos a estudiar que incluyen el empleo de la energía en la agricultura, las cantidades que se desperdician en la fase de producción y de consumo y, por último, el problema de la reutilización.

The 2018 Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EU) 2018/844, focuses on building energy renovation. With the increase in tourists and working opportunities in Malta, the restaurants' sector is experiencing a business boom. Despite this sector being a major energy consumer, the energy performance of restaurants in Malta has been given little attention. This paper investigates the energy performance of four representative restaurants in Malta. Refrigeration accounted for the highest share of 40% electricity consumption, followed by kitchen exhaust ventilation, domestic hot water and space cooling, which accounted for about 50%, while lighting consumed only 6%. Energy saving potential was primarily identified for refrigeration, water heating and air-conditioning. Although, the fuel sources used for cooking equipment accounted for more than 50% of the overall energy used in these restaurants, electricity is the fuel of primary concern as on average it contributes to 70% of total carbon emissions and results in the highest operational cost. The total potential of carbon emission savings was found to be 17%, when the recommended energy efficiency measures are applied. A benchmark of 14.51 kWh primary energy per person served was established for energy-efficient restaurants. This paper provides evidence-based results that are useful for policy makers to introduce fiscal incentives to support the transition of Maltese restaurants to nearly-zero energy status. ; peer-reviewed

RESULTS FROM A STUDY OF THE FACTORS RELATED TO FAMILY ENERGY CONSERVATION ARE EMPLOYED TO EVALUATE SOME ASSUMPTIONS OF AND PROSPECTS FOR ENERGY POLICY. HOME OWNERSHIP AND A VARIETY OF ATTITUDES AND PERCEPTIONS ARE FOUND TO BE RELATED TO GENERAL CONSERVATION AS MEASURED BY AN INDEX CONSTRUCTED FROM 17 DIFFERENT CONSERVING ACTIVITIES.

South Carolina law (48-52-640) requires state agencies to submit a disclaimer statement to the State Energy Office with its annual report stating that it did not purchase an energy conservation product that had not been certified by the State Energy Office. This is a list of preapproved products, retrofits and upgrades.