Empirical Analysis
In: Demographic Research Monographs; Fertility of Immigrants, S. 79-131
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In: Demographic Research Monographs; Fertility of Immigrants, S. 79-131
In: International Corporations as Actors in Global Governance, S. 101-114
In: The Theory of Multi-level Governance, S. 83-101
Using panel data for 78 countries of origin we examine the impact of student flows to the United States on subsequent migration there over the period 1971-2001. What we find is that the stock of foreign students is an important predictor of subsequent migration. This holds true whether or not the lagged endogenous variable is included. The relationship is robust to the inclusion of time and country dummies, and remains when we account for outliers. The basic results also hold for a cross section of 36 countries of origin and 9 host countries. Our results have important policy implications which we discuss in the last section.
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In: American political science review, Band 69, Heft 2, S. 526-542
ISSN: 0003-0554
EVIDENCE FROM EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS CONTRADICTS THE THEORY OF REPRESENTATIVE BUREAUCRACY IN THE U.S. HOWEVER, IT MUST BE NOTED THAT REPRESENTATIVE BUREAUCRACY ASSUMES FROM THE OUTSET THAT TRADITIONAL EXTERNAL CONTROLS OF PUBLIC BUREAUCRACY ARE INSUFFICIENT TO SECURE RESPONSIBILITY. TO BE EFFECTIVE ANY TYPE OF CONTROL MUST RELY ON ETHICAL CHECKS, AND ON EXTERNAL SANCTIONS.
In: 115 Nw. U. L. Rev. 1337 (2021)
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In: Rural Poverty Determinants in the Remote Rural Areas of Kyrgyzstan
In: American political science review, Band 69, Heft 2, S. 526-542
ISSN: 1537-5943
Past theories of representative bureaucracy have four weaknesses: they assume that traditional controls are ineffective without empirical evidence, rely on secondary variables, omit the effects of lifetime socialization, and do not consider the role of individual bureaus. Because of these weaknesses, a representative bureaucracy need not be a responsive bureaucracy. Although restricted by secondary analysis, this paper seeks to eliminate these failings and empirically demonstrate the unrepresentative nature of the United States federal bureaucracy. The representativeness of various grade classifications, special services, and bureaus is also measured; and the United States upper civil service is compared to that of five other nations. After an attempt to measure the values of bureaucrats, the future concerns of the theory of representative bureaucracy are outlined.
Tese de doutoramento em Economia, apresentada à Faculdade de Economia da Universidade de Coimbra ; Chapter 2 summary As the devices that used software became more available to the masses the problem of software piracy increases. Recent theoretical works have attempted to model the phenomenon of software piracy; others tried to describe empirically the determinants that may explain this phenomenon. The empirical literature in the latter case is still in its infancy. This chapter reviews the theoretical literature focusing on three major models: those dealing with diffusion models, with network externalities and with game theory. It also presents the empirical literature where we identify eight stylized results that reflect the main macroeconomic variables in five dimensions that explain software piracy: the Economic, Cultural, Educational, Technological and Legal and dimensions. Chapter 3 summary This chapter studies the determinants of software piracy losses along five major macroeconomic dimensions: Technological, Educational, Institutional, Access to Information and Labor force. The study was conducted based on a large dataset available from 1994 to 2010 and comprising 81 countries. As for the Technological dimension, more patents by residents increases piracy losses while the effect of R&D is opposite (decreases piracy losses). In terms of the Educational dimension the results obtained show that more spending on education increase the piracy losses but, at the same time, more schooling years have the opposite effect. In the Institutional dimension, more corrupt free nations have low piracy levels. Regarding the Access to Information, it seems that access to Internet diminishes the losses while the share of Internet broadband subscriptions has no effect. The results show that, regarding the Labor dimension, employment in services has a deterrent effect while labor force with higher education and youth unemployment increases piracy losses. Chapter 4 summary This chapter explores the relation between the levels of taxation among different types of households and the levels of software piracy from 1996 to 2010, in the European Union (EU). It extends previous work by introducing large sets of panel data for the EU and its various regions. We estimate our model using the fixed effect, comparing results from the Euro Area and the Countries that joined EU in 2004 and 2007. Results show that levels of taxation increase the levels of software piracy losses; moreover these results depend on marital status and number of children. The weight of taxation on GDP (e.g. the taxes on consumption) increases piracy losses while the impact of inflation is negative and marginal. Additional to this we also found that the relative importance of these taxes in relation to total taxation can affect this phenomenon. An increase in the weight of capital taxation would decrease software piracy while this effect was opposite when considering the relative importance of consumption taxes. Chapter 5 summary In this chapter we construct a panel data set from 2000 to 2011 for the EU 28, studying the impact of education on the levels of software piracy in a country. When an aggregated analysis is made, e.g. considering all ISCED (International Standard Classification of Education) levels, expenditure on public educational institutions as well as public spending on education have a deterrent effect on piracy, being significant. However, the effect of financial aid to students is positive. When the analysis is made taking into account the ISCED 1997 disaggregation, expenditure on ISCED 5-6 has a negative and significant effect. Taking into account the type of educational institutions, more expenditure on ISCED 1 to 4 will lower piracy. We also found that more financial help to students on higher levels of education, e.g. ISCED 5-6, have a positive and significant effect. Finally, more years of schooling of both primary and secondary education will have a deterrent effect on software piracy. Chapter 6 summary This chapter analyses the interactions between software piracy and economic growth using a simultaneous equation approach to a panel of countries for which information on software piracy is available for 1995, 2000, 2005 and 2010. This allows us to establish the interactions between these variables, but also to measure the direct and indirect effects of other variables that have shown relevancy for both economic growth and software piracy. Results indicate that there exist a concave nonlinear relationship between software piracy and economic growth. ; Resumo do Capítulo 2 Há medida que os computadores que usam software se disseminaram, o problema da pirataria informática surgiu. Estudos teóricos recentes modelaram o fenómeno da pirataria; outros tentaram explicar empiricamente os determinantes que podem explicar este fenómeno. A literatura empírica ainda está em sua infância. Este capítulo analisa a literatura teórica com foco em três grandes modelos: aqueles que lidam com modelos de difusão, as externalidades de rede e com a teoria dos jogos. Apresenta, também, a literatura empírica em que identificamos oito resultados estilizados que refletem as principais variáveis em cinco dimensões macroeconómicas que explicam a pirataria de software: económicas, culturais, educacionais, tecnológicas e dimensões legais. Resumo do Capítulo 3 Este capítulo estuda os determinantes das perdas resultantes da pirataria de software ao longo de cinco dimensões macroeconômicas principais: tecnológica, dimensões educacionais, aspectos institucionais, força de trabalho e acesso à informação utilizando um conjunto grande de dados disponíveis de 1994-2010, composto por 81 países. Quanto à dimensão tecnológica, mais patentes por residentes aumenta as perdas de pirataria enquanto o efeito do I&D é oposta (diminui as perdas de pirataria). Em termos da dimensão educacional, os resultados obtidos mostram que mais gastos em educação aumentam as perdas de pirataria, mas, ao mesmo tempo, mais anos de escolaridade têm o efeito oposto. Na dimensão institucional, as nações livres de corrupção, têm baixos níveis de pirataria. Em relação ao acesso à informação, parece que o acesso à Internet diminui as perdas, enquanto a quota de assinaturas de banda larga à Internet não tem efeito. Os resultados mostram que, em relação à Força de Trabalho, o emprego nos serviços tem um efeito dissuasor, enquanto força de trabalho com o ensino superior e o desemprego dos jovens aumenta as perdas de pirataria. Resumo do Capítulo 4 Este capítulo explora a relação entre níveis de tributação entre os diferentes tipos de famílias na União Europeia e os níveis de pirataria de software entre 1996-2010. Melhora estudos anteriores na medida em que introduz dados em painel, estudando a União Europeia e as diferentes regiões. Nós estimamos o nosso modelo utilizando o efeito fixo (FE), comparando os resultados a partir da zona do euro e os países que aderiram à UE em 2004 e 2007. Os resultados mostram que os níveis de tributação aumentam os níveis de pirataria de software. Além disso, estes resultados dependem do estado civil das famílias e do número de filhos. O peso da tributação sobre um PIB na Economia (Produto Interno Bruto), ou seja, os impostos sobre o consumo têm um efeito positivo sobre os prejuízos da pirataria, enquanto o impacto da inflação é negativa e marginal sobre a pirataria de software. Alem disto, a importância relativa desses impostos em relação ao peso total de impostos pode afetar este fenômeno. Um aumento no peso da tributação do capital diminuiria a pirataria de software, enquanto este efeito foi oposto ao considerar a importância relativa dos impostos sobre o consumo. Resumo do Capítulo 5 Neste capítulo vamos construir um painel de dados entre 2000-2011 para a UE 28, estudando o impacto da educação sobre os níveis de pirataria de software. Quando uma análise de agregados é feita, e.g. considerando todos os níveis de ISCED (Classificação Internacional Tipo da Educação), gastos com instituições educacionais públicas, bem como os gastos públicos com a educação tem um efeito dissuasor sobre a pirataria, sendo significativo. No entanto, o efeito de ajuda financeira aos estudantes é positivo. Quando a análise é feita tendo em conta a desagregação ISCED 1997, as despesas com ISCED 5-6 tem um efeito negativo e significativo. Tendo em conta o tipo de instituições de ensino, mais despesas com ISCED 1-4 irá reduzir a pirataria. Também encontramos que mais ajuda financeira aos estudantes nos níveis mais elevados do ensino, por exemplo, ISCED 5-6, tem um efeito positivo e significativo. Por fim, mais anos de escolaridade do ensino primário e secundário terá um efeito dissuasor sobre a pirataria de software. Resumo do Capítulo 6 Este capítulo analisa as interações entre a pirataria de software e o crescimento económico através de uma abordagem de equações simultâneas, utilizando um painel de países para os quais informações sobre a pirataria está disponível para 1995, 2000, 2005 e 2010. O que nos permite estabelecer as interações entre essas variáveis, mas também para medir os efeitos diretos e indiretos de outras variáveis que mostraram relevância para o crescimento económico e a pirataria de software. Os resultados indicam que existe uma relação não linear côncava entre a pirataria de software e crescimento económico.
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Contemporarily, modern slavery represents one of the most serious human rights violations. Although most countries officially abolished slavery and ratified the 1926 Slavery Convention of the League of Nations, slavery and slave-like practices still exist in various forms throughout the world. This paper addresses why coercive relationships persist today and investigates how political decision-making, institutional environment and coercive labor practices are interlinked. Moreover, we investigate the interplay between domestic anti-slavery laws and the extent of modern slavery. This paper identifies social and economic determinants of modern slavery using a novel dataset. The panel data contain information on 144 countries and territories from 2002 - 2016 for various types of exploitation of adults and children. We study determinants of modern slavery using cluster analysis and fit a fixed effects model to explain which factors drive exploitation. We find that different types of exploitation are driven by different factors. In addition, we show that slave-sending and slave-receiving countries differ significantly. We study transnational human trafficking and identify which social and economic factors determine this specialization. Moreover, we fit a model using Poisson regression to study why some countries detect victims, originating form more countries, than others do. ; Revised version November 2021
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In: Adam J. Hirsch, "When Beneficiaries Predecease: An Empirical Analysis," Emory Law Journal, Vol. 72, No. 2, p. 307, 2022
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