Suchergebnisse

none ; 21 ; no ; Across the 28 EU member states there were nearly half a million premature deaths in 2015 as a result of exposure to PM2.5, O3 and NO2. To set the target for air quality levels and avoid negative impacts for human and ecosystems health, the National Emission Ceilings Directive (NECD, 2016/2284/EU) sets objectives for emission reduction for SO2, NOx, NMVOCs, NH3 and PM2.5 for each Member State as percentages of reduction to be reached in 2020 and 2030 compared to the emission levels into 2005. One of the innovations of NECD is Article 9, that mentions the issue of "monitoring air pollution impacts" on ecosystems. We provide a clear picture of what is available in term of monitoring network for air pollution impacts on Italian ecosystems, summarizing what has been done to control air pollution and its effects on different ecosystems in Italy. We provide an overview of the impacts of air pollution on health of the Italian population and evaluate opportunities and implementation of Article 9 in the Italian context, as a case study beneficial for all Member States. The results showed that SO42− deposition strongly decreased in all monitoring sites in Italy over the period 1999–2017, while NO3− and NH4+ decreased more slightly. As a consequence, most of the acid-sensitive sites which underwent acidification in the 1980s partially recovered. The O3 concentration at forest sites showed a decreasing trend. Consequently, AOT40 (the metric identified to protect vegetation from ozone pollution) showed a decrease, even if values were still above the limit for forest protection (5000 ppb h−1), while PODy (flux-based metric under discussion as new European legislative standard for forest protection) showed an increase. National scale studies pointed out that PM10 and NO2 induced about 58,000 premature deaths (year 2005), due to cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. The network identified for Italy contains a good number of monitoring sites (6 for terrestrial ecosystem monitoring, 4 for water bodies ...

Across the 28 EU member states there were nearly half a million premature deaths in 2015 as a result of exposure to PM2.5, O3 and NO2. To set the target for air quality levels and avoid negative impacts for human and ecosystems health, the National Emission Ceilings Directive (NECD, 2016/2284/EU) sets objectives for emission reduction for SO2, NOx, NMVOCs, NH3 and PM2.5 for each Member State as percentages of reduction to be reached in 2020 and 2030 compared to the emission levels into 2005. One of the innovations of NECD is Article 9, that mentions the issue of "monitoring air pollution impacts" on ecosystems. We provide a clear picture of what is available in term of monitoring network for air pollution impacts on Italian ecosystems, summarizing what has been done to control air pollution and its effects on different ecosystems in Italy. We provide an overview of the impacts of air pollution on health of the Italian population and evaluate opportunities and implementation of Article 9 in the Italian context, as a case study beneficial for all Member States. The results showed that SO42− deposition strongly decreased in all monitoring sites in Italy over the period 1999–2017, while NO3− and NH4+ decreased more slightly. As a consequence, most of the acid-sensitive sites which underwent acidification in the 1980s partially recovered. The O3 concentration at forest sites showed a decreasing trend. Consequently, AOT40 (the metric identified to protect vegetation from ozone pollution) showed a decrease, even if values were still above the limit for forest protection (5000 ppb h−1), while PODy (flux-based metric under discussion as new European legislative standard for forest protection) showed an increase. National scale studies pointed out that PM10 and NO2 induced about 58,000 premature deaths (year 2005), due to cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. The network identified for Italy contains a good number of monitoring sites (6 for terrestrial ecosystem monitoring, 4 for water bodies monitoring and 11 for ...

NMVOC (Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compounds) sind eine Stoffgruppe mit vielfältigen Wirkungen. Vor allem tragen NMVOC gemeinsam mit NOx zur Bildung erhöhter bodennaher Ozonkonzentrationen im Sommer bei. In der "National Emission Ceiling Directive" (NEC) wird für Deutschland für 2010 ein maximaler Emissionswert von 995 kt NMVOC aus allen anthropogenen Quellgruppen festgelegt, der voraussichtlich überschritten werden wird. Um eine zusätzliche Minderung der anthropogenen NMVOC-Emissionen in Deutschland zu erreichen, müssen vor allem im Bereich der Lösemittelanwendung weitere Maßnahmen eingeleitet werden. Dazu müssen die Quellen der NMVOC bekannt sein. Es ist also notwendig, sektoral hoch aufgelöste Daten über die Einsatzmenge von NMVOC bei der Verwendung organischer Lösemittel und die daraus resultierenden Emissionen zu berechnen. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die Identifizierung und Quantifizierung von Minderungspotenzialen, die über bisherige Maßnahmen zur Minderung hinausgehen, um den NEC-Zielwert 2010 für Deutschland einhalten zu können. Dazu wird zunächst eine Methode zur Berechnung von sektoral und stofflich hoch aufgelösten Lösemittelemissionen für ein konkretes Bezugsjahr entwickelt und angewendet. Dabei werden auch die Unsicherheiten analysiert, mit denen die Eingangsdaten und damit auch die Ergebnisse behaftet sind. Anschließend wird ein Referenzszenario für 2010 entwickelt, um unter Berücksichtigung der Aktivitätsentwicklung sowie von bestehenden gesetzlichen Maßnahmen den Umfang notwendiger zusätzlicher Reduktionen zu quantifizieren. Darauf aufbauend werden zusätzliche Minderungspotenziale identifiziert, quantifiziert und bewertet. Es werden auch Möglichkeiten zur Implementierung der identifizierten Maßnahmen betrachtet. Ein Ergebnis der Arbeit ist, dass im Jahr 2000 in Deutschland etwa 724 kt Lösemittel emittiert wurden. Dies entspricht ungefähr 55% der gesamten in Deutschland emittierten anthropogenen NMVOC-Emissionen. Ungefähr die Hälfte der Lösemittelemissionen entstammte der Anwendung von Anstrichmitteln, 15% der häuslichen Verwendung lösemittelhaltiger Produkte. Etwa 14% wurden bei Druckanwendungen emittiert. Durch Oberflächenreinigungsprozesse wurden etwa 5% der Emissionen verursacht. Der Rest verteilte sich auf viele verschiedene Sektoren. Die Anwendung von Treibgassprays hatte einen Anteil von etwa 10% (74 kt) an den Lösemittelemissionen in Deutschland. Die Gesamtjahresemissionen sind mit einer qualitativ abgeschätzten mittleren Unsicherheit von etwa ±30% bis ±50% behaftet. Die Lösemittelemissionen setzten sich zu 31% aus Alkoholen, 22% Alkanen und Cycloalkanen, 15% Aromaten, 11% Estern, 6% Glykolderivaten sowie 5% Ketonen, 4% Terpenen, jeweils zu 2% aus Ethern und Halogenkohlenwasserstoffen und geringen Mengen organischen Säuren, Aldehyden, Aminen und Amiden zusammen. Insgesamt 2% der Emissionen konnten stofflich nicht zugeordnet werden. Durch die nationale Implementierung der EU-VOC-Direktive, der anlagenbezogenen 31. Bundesimmissionsschutzverordnung (31. BImSchV) sowie der nationalen Implementierung der DECOPAINT-Direktive, der produktbezogenen "Chemikalienrechtlichen Verordnung zur Begrenzung der Emissionen flüchtiger organischer Verbindungen (VOC) durch Beschränkung des Inverkehrbringens lösemittelhaltiger Farben und Lacke" (ChemVOC-FarbV) ist bis 2010 mit einer Minderung der Lösemittelemissionen um etwa 8,3% gegenüber 2000 zu rechnen. Dass die Minderungswirkung durch die Umsetzung der beiden Verordnungen relativ gering ausfällt, liegt daran, dass die 31. BImSchV nur die Anwendung von Lösemitteln in Anlagen erfasst, die einen bestimmten Schwellenwert bezüglich des Jahresverbrauchs an Lösemitteln überschreiten, sowie an der erwarteten Entwicklung der Aktivitäten bis 2010. Die Implementierung der ChemVOC-FarbV hat einen geringeren Minderungseffekt, als von der EU-Kommission erwartet, da in Deutschland schon seit Anfang der 90er Jahre fast ausschließlich Dispersionsfarben als Wandfarben eingesetzt werden. Insgesamt wurden zusätzliche Minderungspotenziale von etwa 96 kt identifiziert. Bei vollständiger Implementierung dieser zusätzlichen Maßnahmen könnte der NEC-Zielwert erreicht werden. Hierbei muß der Erlass neuer Verordnungen begleitet werden durch die gezielte Information der lösemittelverwendenden Akteure über Möglichkeiten zur Minderung von Lösemittelemissionen und Maßnahmen zu deren Umsetzung, da sich nur so die wesentlichen Minderungspotenziale in vollem Umfang erschließen lassen. ; Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compounds (NMVOC) are a group of substances that can cause various negative effects on the environment and human health. NMVOC contribute together with NOx primarily to the formation of high ambient ozone concentrations during summer time. The EC "National Emission Ceilings Directive" (NEC) sets a maximum emission value of 995 kt NMVOC for Germany for the year 2010 for all anthropogenic source groups. Based on the results of this work, it is to be expected that this target value will be exceeded. To achieve a further reduction of anthropogenic NMVOC emissions in Germany, additional measures must be implemented in the source group of solvent use. For this, the sources of NMVOC have to be identified. Thus, it is necessary to calculate reliable data for the input amount of NMVOC for solvent use and the resulting emissions from their use in Germany in a high sectoral resolution. The aim of this work is to identify and quantify abatement potentials in addition to existing measures in order to be able to achieve compliance with the NEC emission ceiling value for 2010 in Germany. To achieve this aim, first, a method is developed and applied to generate emission data in high sectoral and substance resolution, conducting calculations for a specific reference year in Germany. The uncertainties of the input data and of the results are evaluated as well. Then a reference scenario for 2010 is developed, taking into account the expected development of activities as well as existing legislative measures. This scenario serves as the reference to quantify the amount of further reductions needed. This leads to the identification, quantification and assessment of additional abatement potentials. Furthermore the possibilities for the implementation of the abatement measures are investigated. These calculations reveal that about 724 kt NMVOC were emitted in the year 2000 in Germany from solvent use. This represents about 55% of total anthropogenic NMVOC emissions in Germany. Approximately half of those originated from the use of organic solvents in paints, concrete additives and wood preservatives and 15% came from domestic solvent use. About 14% originated from printing applications and about 5% of solvent emissions were due to surface cleaning processes. The rest of the emissions came from a variety of other processes. Furthermore the use of aerosol sprays had a share of about 10% (74kt) of the emissions from solvent use in Germany. A qualitative assessment of the uncertainties for total annual emissions yielded approximately ±30% to ±50%. NMVOC emissions from solvent use in 2000 in Germany consisted of alcohols (31%), alkanes and cycloalkanes (22%), aromatics (15%), esters (11%), glycol derivatives (6%) as well as ketones (5%), terpenes (4%), ethers and halogenated hydrocarbons (2% each) and low amounts of organic acids, aldehydes, amines and amides. Approximately 2% of the emissions could not be assigned to a substance class. A reduction of about 8.3% of the emissions from solvent use compared to 2000 is expected through the national implementation of the EU-VOC Directive by the 31. Bundesimmissionsschutzverordnung (31. BImSchV) and the national implementation of the EU-DECOPAINT Directive by the "Chemikalienrechtliche Verordnung zur Begrenzung der Emissionen flüchtiger organischer Verbindungen (VOC) durch Beschränkung des Inverkehrbringens lösemittelhaltiger Farben und Lacke" (ChemVOC-FarbV). The reduction effect from the 31. BImSchV is relatively small due to the fact that this regulation only applies to the solvent use in plants with an annual solvent use above specified threshold values. Smaller plants not exceeding these threshold values and solvent use outside of plants are not included in the regulation. The implementation of the ChemVOCFarbV has a smaller reduction effect than expected by the EU Commission due to the fact that in Germany almost exclusively dispersion paints are used for wall painting since the beginning of the 1990s. Altogether, an additional reduction potential of 96 kt was identified. With a complete implementation of additional measures, the NEC target could be achieved but, in order to reach the emission ceiling for NMVOC, considerable efforts are still necessary. Enhanced regulations have to be combined with specific information for the solvent users about the possibilities for the reduction of emissions from solvent use and measures for their implementation in order to be able to achieve the full reduction potential.

In central Europe, ammonium sulphate and ammonium nitrate make up a large fraction of fine particles which pose a threat to human health. Most studies on air pollution through particulate matter investigate the influence of emission reductions of sulphur- and nitrogen oxides on aerosol concentration. Here, we focus on the influence of ammonia (NH3) emissions. Emission scenarios have been created on the basis of the improved ammonia emission parameterization implemented in the SMOKE for Europe and CMAQ model systems described in part I of this study. This includes emissions based on future European legislation (the National Emission Ceilings) as well as a dynamic evaluation of the influence of different agricultural sectors (e.g. animal husbandry) on particle formation. The study compares the concentrations of NH3, View the MathML sourceNH4+, NO3 -, sulphur compounds and the total concentration of particles in winter and summer for a political-, technical- and behavioural scenario. It was found that a reduction of ammonia emissions by 50% lead to a 24% reduction of the total PM2.5 concentrations in northwest Europe. The observed reduction was mainly driven by reduced formation of ammonium nitrate. Moreover, emission reductions during winter had a larger impact than during the rest of the year. This leads to the conclusion that a reduction of the ammonia emissions from the agricultural sector related to animal husbandry could be more efficient than the reduction from other sectors due to its larger share in winter ammonia emissions.

After completion of the analyses that informed the negotiations on the revised national emission ceilings directive (NECD), important factors have changed. Improved emission inventories, the recent climate and energy policies of the European Union and new source‐oriented emission control regulations have profound implications on further actions to meet the emission reduction requirements of the NECD. Considering the interplay of this new information, this report presents an updated outlook for emissions and air quality in the European Union, and explores the prospects of achieving the WHO guideline values to protect human health and the Union's long‐term environmental policy objectives on the protection of ecosystems. It is found that, broadly speaking, by 2030 the recent legislation will bring the WHO guidelines for PM2.5 within reach for most areas, while further efforts, especially for agricultural ammonia emissions and PM emissions from residential combustion of solid fuels will be required at hot spots.

After completion of the analyses that informed the negotiations on the revised national emission ceilings directive (NECD), important factors have changed. Improved emission inventories, the recent climate and energy policies of the European Union and new source‐oriented emission control regulations have profound implications on further actions to meet the emission reduction requirements of the NECD. Considering the interplay of this new information, this report presents an updated outlook for emissions and air quality in the European Union, and explores the prospects of achieving the WHO guideline values to protect human health and the Union's long‐term environmental policy objectives on the protection of ecosystems. It is found that, broadly speaking, by 2030 the recent legislation will bring the WHO guidelines for PM2.5 within reach for most areas, while further efforts, especially for agricultural ammonia emissions and PM emissions from residential combustion of solid fuels will be required at hot spots.

Maritime emissions have long time been a low priority issue for policy makers. However, maritime emissions will be included in the European National Emission Ceilings (NEC) and as maritime transport is increasing rapidly, its share in emissions is thought to become more significant.So maritime emissions are becoming more important for national and international policy makers, and pressure is rising to reduce emissions. As such, policy makers need a tool to estimate current emissions and to asses the impact of policy measures on emissions, especially with respect to harbor emissions. To this end, we have constructed an emission model to calculate and distribute maritime emissions geographically. Furthermore, we modeled future emissions starting from a traffic prognosis, taking into account fleet renewal, technological improvement, existing legislation, and increase (or decrease) of ship size. For Belgian maritime emissions, we found that total maritime emissions have been increasing slowly from 1990 to 2005, yet slower then traffic, e.g., NOx emissions increased 23% while traffic increased 36%. We furthermore found that more than half of all emissions are in-port emissions.With the model we calculated the effect of two policy measures: first, MARPOL annex VI concerning NOx emission standards, and second, European guideline 2005/33/EC concerning the sulphur content of maritime fuel. We found that the MARPOL annex had no significant impact on NOx emissions, while the European guideline will decrease emissions of SO2 in harbors to 36% in 2010 compared to 1990. Emissions of maritime transport are increasing rapidly. In a business-as-usual (BAU) scenario, emissions per traffic will decrease slowly, although measures to reduce emissions are available (shore-side electricity, exhaust aftertreatment, fuel quality,…) and can reduce emissions significantly.

Abstract
Background
In Europe, ammonia (NH3) emissions strongly contribute to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution and associated premature human mortality. The National Emission Ceilings Directive 2016/2284/EU has set an obligation for all European Union countries to reduce the NH3 emissions by 6%, relative to 2005, by 2020. This study aims to assess the costs and benefits of four NH3 emission abatement options for the compliance of the agricultural sector with the commitments of the European air quality regulatory framework. A regional atmospheric model (WRF/Chem) was used to assess the effects of regulating NH3 emissions reductions on PM2.5 concentrations over Europe. Non-market valuation techniques (value of statistical life) were used to monetize the associated health outcomes.

Results
We calculated that 16 out of the 28 EU member states exceeded their 2020 NH3 emission ceilings in 2016. The highest exceedances from the 2020 emission commitment level occurred in Latvia (15%), Germany (12%) and the UK (12%). Simulation of the required NH3 emission reduction by WRF/Chem showed that relatively large reductions in PM2.5 concentrations occur over central-western Europe and the UK. The largest health benefits (> 5% reduction in premature mortality) were found for Scandinavia. The economic benefit from avoided premature deaths over Europe amounts to 14,837 M€/year. The costs of four NH3 emission abatement options, where each would fully achieve the required emission reduction, range from 80 M€/year for low nitrogen feed to 3738 M€/year for low-emission animal housing, with covered manure storage (236 M€/year) and urea fertilizer application (253 M€/year), in between.

Conclusion
Our analysis indicates that the costs of compliance by the agricultural sector with the commitments of the European air quality regulations are much lower than the economic benefit. Thus, much more ambitious reduction commitments for NH3 emissions could be applied by the EU-28. The monetization of the health benefits of NH3 emission abatement policies and the assessment of the implementation costs can help policy-makers devise effective air pollution control programmes.

The ecosystem area in the 28 states of the European Union (EU28) for which eutrophication critical loads are exceeded is investigated under the revised National Emission Ceiling Directive (NECD) and under alternative scenarios whereby reduction efforts are shared equitably among Member States. The focus is on nitrogen oxide (NOx) and ammonia (NH3) emission reduction policies that ensure that the total EU28 emission reduction target for 2030 under the NECD is achieved, but by equity-based emission reductions for each Member State. A gradual reduction of emissions of nitrogen in the EU28 is assessed by imposing ever lower common maximum densities for emissions (a) per unit area of a country (areal-equity) (b) per capita of a country's population (per capita-equity), and (c) per euro (€) of a country's GDP (GDP-equity). The NECD aims at a reduction of EU28 emissions of NOx and NH3 of 63% and 19%, respectively in 2030, compared to base year 2005. Under these reductions, about 67% of EU28 ecosystem area remains at risk of adverse effects of nitrogen deposition. We demonstrate that reducing N emissions subject to GDP-equity among EU28 Member States could have reduced that area at risk to about 61%. The application of areal and per capita-equity does not lead to significantly different ecosystem areas at risk when compared to NECD.

The ecosystem area in the 28 states of the European Union (EU28) for which eutrophication critical loads are exceeded is investigated under the revised National Emission Ceiling Directive (NECD) and under alternative scenarios whereby reduction efforts are shared equitably among Member States. The focus is on nitrogen oxide (NOx) and ammonia (NH3) emission reduction policies that ensure that the total EU28 emission reduction target for 2030 under the NECD is achieved, but by equity-based emission reductions for each Member State. A gradual reduction of emissions of nitrogen in the EU28 is assessed by imposing ever lower common maximum densities for emissions (a) per unit area of a country (areal-equity) (b) per capita of a country's population (per capita-equity), and (c) per euro (€) of a country's GDP (GDP-equity). The NECD aims at a reduction of EU28 emissions of NOx and NH3 of 63% and 19%, respectively in 2030, compared to base year 2005. Under these reductions, about 67% of EU28 ecosystem area remains at risk of adverse effects of nitrogen deposition. We demonstrate that reducing N emissions subject to GDP-equity among EU28 Member States could have reduced that area at risk to about 61%. The application of areal and per capita-equity does not lead to significantly different ecosystem areas at risk when compared to NECD.