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Using quantitative measures including Gini coefficient, standard deviation and years of schooling and Lorenz curves the study looks at inequality of access to educational opportunities by various groups including males and females in various ecological zones in Ghana over time. The study finds evidence of declining education inequality and increases in average years of schooling over time similar to that observed in other developing countries. It, however, finds an increase in the already existing wide education gender-gab, in spite of the emphasis on girl child education under the country's economic reform, which was introduced in 1983. (DÜI-Sbd)

I consider evidence on differences in access to education and in learning achievement within the countries of Central and Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. The situation inherited from the communist period is first summarized: there were some significant disparities with, for example, family background having a strong association with tertiary enrolments, as in Western countries. Analysis of the transition period focuses on differences in access and achievement associated with household income and geographic location. Disparities are not the same across the region; in some countries, such as Russia, there are clear grounds for serious concern, but it is unlikely that any country has cause for complacency.

"Education, Inequality, and Political Behavior" published on by Oxford University Press.

Intro -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- The Importance of Education -- What Do We Know About Education Inequality? -- Human Capital -- Income Inequality -- Modernization, Globalization, and Democratization -- Overview of the Book -- References -- Chapter 2: What Education Inequality Means for Children -- The Value of Children: Future Versus Present -- Consequences to Children of Unequal Education -- Types of Education Inequality -- Gender -- Rural/Urban -- Ethnicity/Social Status -- Public Versus Private -- Conflict -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: How Political and Economic Processes Are Related to Education Inequality -- Actors and Preferences -- Economic Factors -- Modernization -- Globalization -- Political Factors -- Hypotheses -- References -- Chapter 4: Measuring Education Inequality -- Measuring Education -- Other Works on Education Inequality -- Measuring Inequality -- Coefficient of Variation -- Gini Coefficient -- Theil Index -- Trends in Education Inequality -- Appendix -- Notes on the Use of Barro and Lee Data for Calculating the Gini Coefficient of Education Inequality -- Notes on Measures of Inequality -- Variance -- Decile Ratios -- Relative Mean Deviation -- References -- Chapter 5: Education Inequality Around the World -- Data and Method of Analysis -- Results -- Education Inequality and Modernization -- Education Inequality and Free Trade -- Education Inequality and Democracy -- Country Examples -- Higher than Expected Education Inequality -- Lower than Expected Education Inequality -- Further Implications: Free Trade and Gender Disparities in Education -- Conclusion -- Appendix -- Full Regression Results -- Regression Diagnostics -- References -- Chapter 6: Inequality in Learning Outcomes -- Factors Affecting Inequality in Learning Outcomes.

Introduction : every generation has its struggle -- Critique and collective agency in youth development -- Millennial youth and the fight for opportunity -- "Not down with the shut down" : student activism against school closure -- Teaching without teaching -- Schools as sites of struggle : learning ecologies for critical civic inquiry -- Conclusion : activism, dignity, and human development

PurposeThe purpose of the paper is to examine the nature and extent of gender and spatial inequalities in educational attainment in Ghana.Design/methodology/approachThe paper uses the education Gini coefficient, computed on the basis of years of schooling of individuals, to assess education inequality in Ghana.FindingsThe paper finds evidence of gender and spatial inequality in education in Ghana. In particular, the three northern regions have lower education attainment as well as higher education Gini coefficients compared to the rest of the country. The paper finds evidence of intra‐gender and intra‐spatial inequalities in education attainment in Ghana, with females contributing proportionately more to the within‐inequality component of the education Gini. The paper also finds a positive correlation between poverty incidence and education inequality.Research limitations/implicationsThe research finds a positive correlation between poverty incidence and education inequality but requires an econometric analysis to make inferences regarding causality.Practical implicationsThe findings call for the design and implementation of policies not only to address between‐gender and spatial inequities in education in Ghana, but also to tackle within‐gender and within‐spatial inequalities. The positive correlation between poverty incidence and education inequality implies the need to create greater equity in educational opportunities across the country.Social implicationsThe need for changes in attitudes, values and cultural practices that put girls at a disadvantage when it comes to education.Originality/valueOne important and new finding of the paper is the existence of intra‐gender and intra‐spatial inequalities in education attainment in Ghana, with females contributing proportionately more to the within‐inequality component of the education Gini.