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This essay argues that one of the most influential Latin American and Ecuadorian literary properties is related to the concept of time and its relationship to tradition. The hierarchical control and monopolization of temporality needs to shift its gaze towards futurity as a means to contemplate differences in the political, national and aesthetic matrixes, which do not resonate with traditional discourses of power. The methodology comes from the notion of futurability (Berardi) within the framework of foundational fictions of Latin America. It is also tied to a particular concept of modernity defined through the passage of time (Latour), allowing to understand how the literature of Latin America permeated by the temporal range can be potentiated towards «becoming.» Rancière writes that within the distribution of the sensible there are categories of time that are crucial when thinking about literature (9-10). I argue that present time allows or prohibits a type of future and in this exercise arbitrarily establishes a hierarchy of texts, creating a false need for «masterpieces.» Our ethical task is to resist the past and imagine another future, one in which this idea of necessity is reorganized to redistribute «the weights on the [sensible] scale» (Rancière 26).The article mentions two authors that attempt to adhere to the future possibility of twisting the Ecuadorian canon towards a desirable literarty future: Salvador Izquierdo (1980) and Daniela Alcívar (1982). In part, this study tries to reflect on the modes of operation of national literature discourse within «small literatures», as Ecuadorian literature is usually considered, using the format of the Latin American literary essay. ; Este ensayo plantea que una de las propiedades literarias latinoamericanas, y ecuatorianas, de mayor influencia, es aquella tocante al tiempo visto en su relación a la tradición. El control y la monopolización jerárquica de la temporalidad necesita desplazar su mirada hacia la futuridad para diseñar diferencias en la matriz ...

After enduring a decade of economic, climatic, and political problems, between 1999 and 2006, more than 900,000 Ecuadorians left their country (INEC 2007). This process marked the beginning of a major migratory movement which has caused Spain to become a premier destination. The response to such migration has been disparate, yet both Ecuadorian and Spanish artists (as well as the Spanish press) have shown the different perspectives related to a discriminatory ideology. This article focuses on the representation of Ecuadorians in Spain in the 21st century. Despite the large production of novels related to this topic, the one that best represents it corresponds to La utopía de Madrid (2013) written by the Ecuadorian author Carlos Carrión. Using the theories of Critical Discourse Analysis developed by scholars Teun Van Dijk (1999, 2007, 2009) and Antonio Bañón Hernández (2006), the article aims to show how Ecuadorians are represented in the modern Spanish society focusing on the (mis)use of discourse to describe them. Finally, the conclusion provides an understanding of how the creation of cultural products such as the one analyzed has shaped an ideology in Spaniards' and foreigners' minds throughout the years and what needs to be addressed in order to obtain equal social status among native and minority groups.

Competition is often praised for enhancing efficiency in the process of resource-allocation. However, it could also put at risk the sustainability of firms operating within certain industries such as the financial sector. This could have further managerial implications when it comes to social enterprises such as microfinance institutions (MFIs). Using data from Superintendencia de Economía Popular y Solidaria over the period 2016-2019, this study aims at analyzing the aspects of competition on sustainability of Ecuadorian MFIs. More specifically, the research focuses on savings and credit cooperatives (SACCOs). Relying on both the structural and non-structural approach to measure competition at a firm level, findings are in line with an important portion of the microfinance literature claiming that competition is negatively associated with the main measures of financial sustainability and portfolio quality.

We present new distributional records of birds in Ecuador submitted to the Committee for Ecuadorian Records in Ornithology (CERO) from September 2015 through July 2017. This report includes four species new to Ecuador (Plegadis ridgwayi, Cathartes burrovianus, Malacoptila mystacalis, Vireo gilvus), two species new to Galapagos (Calidris pugnax, Larosterna inca), five species with first documented country records (Fregata minor, Syrigma sibilatrix, Calidris pugnax, Larus belcheri, Sternula antillarum), remarkable range extensions for eight species (Anas bahamensis, Fregata sp., Jabiru mycteria, Phimosus infuscatus, Caracara cheriway, Larus dominicanus, Chloroceryle aenea, Sturnella militaris), new records of eight rare species (Anhima cornuta, Mustelirallus albicollis, Larus argentatus, Larosterna inca, Myrmoborus lugubris, Machetornis rixosa, Progne elegans, Conirostrum bicolor) and new records of Nothoprocta curvirostris and Tyrannus tyrannus. We present the first Ecuadorian records of three subspecies (Tolmomyias sulphurescens insignis, Myiarchus swainsoni phaenotus, Oxyura jamaicensis andina, although the taxonomic validity of the latter is debated). Further we discuss the subspecific identity of Petrochelidon pyrrhonota in Ecuador. Finally, we invalidate previous records of 43 species for mainland Ecuador and 6 species for Galapagos, as published in different sources, and reject a remotesensing record of Cypseloides niger. CERO revises and updates the country bird list, which currently stands at 1690 species (1632 confirmed and documented; 58 undocumented). ; Presentamos nuevos registros de distribución de aves del Ecuador que han sido enviado al Comité Ecuatoriano de Registros Ornitológicos (CERO) entre septiembre 2015 y julio 2017. Incluimos reportes de cuatro especies nuevas para Ecuador (Plegadis ridgwayi, Cathartes burrovianus, Malacoptila mystacalis, Vireo gilvus), dos especies nuevas para Galápagos (Calidris pugnax, Larosterna inca), cinco especies con primera documentación en Ecuador (Fregata minor, Syrigma sibilatrix, Calidris pugnax, Larus belcheri, Sternula antillarum), extensiones considerables de distribución de ocho especies (Anas bahamensis, Fregata sp., Jabiru mycteria, Phimosus infuscatus, Caracara cheriway, Larus dominicanus, Chloroceryle aenea, Sturnella militaris), nuevos reportes de ocho especies raras (Anhima cornuta, Mustelirallus albicollis, Larus argentatus, Larosterna inca, Myrmoborus lugubris, Machetornis rixosa, Progne elegans, Conirostrum bicolor) y registros adicionales de Nothoprocta curvirostris y Tyrannus tyrannus. Presentamos el primer registro en Ecuador de tres subespecies (Tolmomyias sulphurescens insignis, Myiarchus swainsoni phaenotus y Oxyura jamaicensis andina, aunque la validez taxonómica de esta última sea debatida). Además, discutimos la identidad subespecífica de Petrochelidon pyrrhonota en el país. Finalmente, invalidamos registros previos de 43 especies del Ecuador continental y 6 especies de Galápagos que aparecen en distintas publicaciones, y rechazamos un registro mediante sensores remotos de Cypseloides niger. CERO revisa y actualiza el listado nacional de aves, que en la actualidad alcanza las 1690 especies (1632 confirmadas y documentadas, 58 no documentadas).

Argentina Chiriboga is the afro ecuadorian writer, whose work occupies a prominent place in Ecuadorian literature, with international impact. In the first part, the author's figure and her scriptural "action" are introduced to make an interpretations of Palenque, a poetic work that recall the history and tradition of the African-American peoples. Finally, we analyze the figure of the black woman as a political subject, her action and her resistance. ; Argentina Chiriboga es la escritora afro de la literatura ecuatoriana, cuya obra ocupa un lugar destacable en la literatura ecuatoriana, con impacto internacional. En la primera parte, se introduce la figura de la autora y su "acción" escritural para, posteriormente, hacer un recorrido interpretativo por Palenque, obra poética compuesta por un conjunto de décimas que rememoran la historia y tradición de los pueblos afroamericanos. Finalmente, se analiza la figura de la mujer negra como sujeto político, su acción y resistencia.

Abstract
The literature on parks and recreation has traditionally employed definitions of parks as products, rather than processes tied to economic, political and social dynamics that comfortably exceed park boundaries. As a cultural process, mental and physical, local and global, Madrid's emblematic park of El Retiro is at the intersection of personal choices/desires and constructions of race, class, gender and nation, always articulated through dynamics of power. This article examines the significance of Ecuadorian immigrant gatherings in El Retiro between 2000 and 2003, focusing on the entwinement between the municipality's decisions over the park's form and use, and larger patterns of injustice occurring at a variety of scales, as the city (re-)positions itself vis-à-vis current methods of capital accumulation. An analysis of El Retiro's recently constructed Bosque del Recuerdo, a memorial to the victims of the bomb attacks in Madrid's trains on 11 March 2004, reveals the ties between the expulsion of Ecuadorians from El Retiro and the pseudo-sacralization of Ecuadorian casualties following the bombings. Through an in-depth analysis of the space for this 'memorial', as form and content, this article unearths the mutual constituencies of El Retiro as lived and imagined, local and global, and central in the histories of Madrid's Ecuadorian residents.

This article examines the connections between Buen Vivir, a radical approach to socially inclusive development in Latin America, and equality policies developed by the Ministry of Defence for the Ecuadorian armed forces. Drawing on extensive qualitative research on the Ecuadorian military, this article explores and compares the implementation of policies on crosscutting themes such as gender, interculturality and class. This article adds to the existing literature on the question of whether Buen Vivir has fostered equality, taking a closer look at specific Ecuadorian national policies of social inclusion. The research suggests that for the Ecuadorian military, this entails a militarisation of equality through gender equity policies and an intercultural focus.

Article 389 in the Constitution of the Republic of Ecuador ('the Constitution') promises protection 'for the purpose of minimizing the condition of vulnerability'. Meanwhile, multiple 'vulnerability' cases have been found amongst Ecuadorian students by the Embassy of Ecuador in Australia ('the Embassy'). This is attributed to the relatively recent arrival of university students, with the assistance of government scholarships from Ecuador, in a culturally foreign environment. Therefore, the object of this report is to identify and address the condition of vulnerability within Ecuadorian students studying in Australian universities. This is the first time research has been conducted on the welfare of Ecuadorian students studying abroad. For this reason, empirical research through a variety of instruments was used to gain a comprehensive understanding. Mixed methods involved examining existing literature on vulnerability, conducting interviews with key support providers, distributing online surveys to students and discussing common issues with a focus group. Existing literature understands 'vulnerability' to be layers of detrimental circumstances repressing the interests of a person. Interviewees noted the overarching interest for Ecuadorian students is a successful experience in Australia. The detrimental circumstances found in the survey can then be summarised into four issues: limited engagement with Australians; difficulty accepting the Asian identity in Australian society; adjustment to the responsibilities of being independent, and the preference towards Ecuadorian support networks. While time may solve some problems, not all research participants have indicated the ability to face these obstacles without external assistance. The common struggles identified are addressed by a list of recommendations outlined in section VI. In particular, this paper recommends the creation of a national student association. For a successful cross-cultural emphasis and facilitation by the consulate, two best practice models have been offered for consideration. These models should be studied only where appropriate to the specific needs of Ecuadorian students. As demonstrated by this report, international students from different ethnicities face obstacles unique to their background.

On October 4, 2012, Professor Cecilia Mafla Bustamante interviewed renowned Cuencan poet Ephraim Idrovo Jara. In this dialogue, the writer talks about his poetic career, political ideology and his national and international literary influences. He also makes reflections, along with his son Johnny Jara, on the poem Sollozo por Pedro Jara, considered his best work. It also examines the semiotic structure of the linguistic sign and its two-fold character that looks towards sense and towards the materiality of the sign, according to the theory of Jan Mukařovský. He deepens his existential thought in the concept "the world is the configuration of consciousness" and finally he reflects on the process of writing and poetic production in Ecuador. ; El 4 de octubre de 2012, la profesora Cecilia Mafla Bustamante entrevistó al conocido poeta cuencano Efraín Jara Idrovo. En este diálogo el escritor narra su trayectoria poética, su ideología política y sus influencias literarias nacionales e internacionales. También hace reflexiones, conjuntamente con su hijo Johnny Jara, sobre el poema Sollozo por Pedro Jara, considerado su mejor obra. Además, examina la estructura semiótica del signo lingüístico y su carácter biplano que mira hacia el sentido y hacia la materialidad del signo, según la teoría de Jan Mukařovský. Profundiza su pensamiento existencial en el concepto "el mundo es la configuración de la conciencia", y finalmente medita sobre el proceso de la escritura y la producción poética en el Ecuador.

Los escritores ecuatorianos han creado un rico legado de imaginarios que apuntan a una identidad nacional que es, en el fondo, plurinacional e intercultural. Si bien los autores de la Generación del 30 plantearon con su narrativa un proyecto de nación que incluía a las diferentes culturas que la habitan –proyecto mestizo fallido, sin embargo, en tanto anulaba las diferencias y consagraba las desigualdades–, el protagonismo social de estas culturas en la década de los 90 complementa la propuesta surgida desde lo literario en los años 30. Adicionalmente, la auto-representación política actual de dichos grupos pone en tela de juicio criterios del ámbito cultural contemporáneo, uno de ellos es el del llamado «Síndrome de Falcón», que pretende ser una metáfora de la carga de representar a sectores sociales desfavorecidos, que ha pesado sobre los narradores ecuatorianos durante el siglo XX. Todo ello empuja el proceso de reconfiguración del panorama de la cultura ecuatoriana: la creciente participación de estas voces antes silenciadas, así como la emergencia de otras formas de contemplar al mundo natural, que suscitan nuevas lecturas de novelas clásicas como Don Goyo o La isla virgen de Demetrio Aguilera-Malta. ; Ecuadorian writers have created a rich legacy of characters who point towards a national identity that is, ultimately, multi-national and inter-cultural. Although the authors of the 1930's generation proposed through their fiction a notion of nation that included all of the different cultures within it –it was a failed miscegenation project as it eliminated differences while reinforcing inequalities–, the social role of these groups during the 90's complements that proposed by the literature of the 30's. Additionally, the political self representation of these groups calls into question the criteria of the contemporary cultural context exemplified by the «The Falcon Syndrome», which seeks to be a metaphor for the burden of representing socially disadvantaged groups, which has weighed heavily over Ecuadorian writers throughout the 20th century. All of this propels the reconfiguration process within the panorama of Ecuadorian culture: the growing participation of the long-silenced voices, as well as the emergence of other ways to look upon the world, allows for new readings of classic novels such as Don Goyo or La isla virgen, by Demetrio Aguilera-Malta.

The article discusses the decolonial possibilities of the collective design of a sound artwork in reimagining the role of two Afro‐Ecuadorian music and dance‐based events in the Afro‐Ecuadorian ancestral territories of North Esmeraldas and Chota‐Mira. The two events, Bomba del Chota and Marimba Esmeraldeña, emerged in the context of slavery and colonialism as a response of Afro‐Ecuadorians to the oppression and violence they endured. These two music and dance‐based events sustain a counter‐narrative of power and resistance for Afrodescendant peoples in Ecuador, weaving meaningful connections among them and other entities populating their territories, such as the "devil," whose cohabitation with Afro‐Ecuadorians will be at the spotlight of our analysis. Based on the audio‐recorded testimonies of these connections that strongly existed until the 1970s, and of a sonic composition that was created from them, we propose a collaborative design of a sound artwork in the public spaces of the jungle in Esmeraldas and the mountain in Chota‐Mira. We discuss how a decolonial approach to the design of the artwork can serve as a dialogical space to engage inhabitants in their re‐connection to the possibilities of resistance that their ancestors nurtured in their territories through the practice of the two music and dance‐based events. Through a political reading of soundscapes, an argument is developed to show how sound constructs the public spaces that root people in their territories, connecting them with meaningful stories and practices that keep being forgotten due to the on‐going consequences of slavery and colonialism. The article contributes to the discussion about political ecologies and the collective production of public spaces as a joyful response to exclusion and oppression.

Este artículo analiza, desde los estudios feministas y poscoloniales, la figura autorial de la escritora Dolores Ventimilla. El canon literario ecuatoriano ha minimizado si obra y autoría para desconocer así parte de sus escritos que incidían en lo público al momento de idear la nación y sus parámetros de convivencia. Veintimilla promovió, tanto desde la poesía como desde el género epistolar, una comunidad que equiparara de algún modo al discriminado sujeto indígena en la zona septentrional andina. Este artículo analiza su propuesta de codependencia subjetiva y analiza, finalmente, cómo la respuesta violenta del canon rompió sus idearios de comunidad e impuso un estado patriarcal en el que la mujer y el indígena debieron asumir su invisibilidad política y cultural. ; This article analizes the works and authorship of writer Dolores Veintimilla using feminist and postcolonial theories. The Ecuadorian literary canon minimized the value of her work so as to ignore some of her texts which tried to have an influence on thepublic sphere at the time of the conception of the Ecuadorian nation and its rules of coexistence. Veintimilla proposes, both in her poetry and her op-ed letters, a model of community which somehow tried to dignify the discriminated Indigenous subject in the northern Andean area. This article analyzes her proposal of subjective codependency and, finally, it explores how the violent response of the canon invalidated her idea of community by imposing a patriarchal state, in which women and Indigenous subjects had to accept their political and cultural invisibility.

Ecuador en tiempos del gobierno de Rafael Correa constituye un caso perfecto de la paradoja político-ambiental, que trata de conflictos en los cuales todos los actores – autoridades del Estado y opositores ecologistas e indígenas – se auto-identifican como los verdaderos defensores del ambiente y las condiciones humanas. Por un lado, Ecuador tiene la Constitución más progresista del mundo en cuanto a la protección de la naturaleza y entre las más radicales en el reconocimiento de los derechos de los pueblos étnicamente definidos. Por otro lado, la economía desarrollista basada en extractivismo se ha mantenido durante el período y el gobierno argumenta que los ingresos derivados del extractivismo son utilizados para el bien común (bienestar social). Basándose en varios años de trabajo etnográfico en Ecuador, la lectura crítica de publicaciones temáticas y el análisis de discursos públicos, documentos políticos y datos recogidos a través de observación participativa, el artículo identifica y problematiza las narrativas dominantes entre los diferentes actores de los escenarios discursivos contenciosos, y también analiza cómo las autoridades estatales y sus opositores buscan posicionarse hacia el otro en relación al extractivismo y a las preocupaciones ecológicas. ¿Cómo se perciben, definen y expresan las políticas ambientales (progresistas) y las preocupaciones ecológicas por parte de los diferentes actores? ; Ecuador in times of the Rafael Correa government constitutes a perfect example of the politico-environmental paradox, which deals with conflicts in which all involved actors –State authorities as well as ecologist and Indigenous opposition - claim to represent the true vanguard concerning safeguarding of the environment and human conditions. On the one hand, Ecuador presents the most progressive Constitution in the world regarding the protection of nature and it also incorporates far-reaching recognition of Indigenous peoples. On the other hand, the developmentalist economy based on extractivism has continued during the period and the government argues that the revenues of extractive industries benefit the common good (welfare reforms). Based on several years of ethnographic fieldwork in Ecuador, combined with critical reading of previous literature and analysis of public discourses, political documents and material obtained through participatory observation, this article identifies and problematizes the dominant narratives among the actors of the contentious discursive scenarios. It also analyzes how State authorities and their adversaries aim at positioning themselves towards the other in relation to extractivism and ecological concerns. How are (progressive) environmental politics and ecological concerns perceived, defined and expressed by different actors? ; Rights of Nature – Nature of Rights. Neo-Constitutionalism and Ethno-Ecologist Resistance in Bolivia and Ecuador. Funded by the Swedish Research Council Formas (2013-2016).

During the turbulent 1930s, Ecuadorian intellectuals saw in the Spanish Civil War a conflict which seemed to be a mirror for the worries and hopes of their own country. The article sketches a brief context of the political situation under the governments of Federico Páez and Alberto Enríquez Gallo, and points out their different attitudes towards the civil war. It studies the impact the war had on left and right-wing intellectuals, and examines the way in which poets, novelists, essayists and journalists devoted themselves to an impassioned political activism in support of the opposing forces ("loyal" Spain and "nationalist" Spain), in poems and articles which are notable both for their emotion and for their Manichaeism, and in the collective organisation of demonstrations, assemblies, magazines, manifestos and collections. ; Durante la turbulenta década de 1930, los intelectuales de Ecuador encontraron en la Guerra Civil española un conflicto que se presentaba como un espejo para las inquietudes y las esperanzas de su propio país. Este artículo esboza una breve contextualización de la situación política bajo los gobiernos de Federico Páez y Alberto Enríquez Gallo y señala las diferentes actitudes de los dos presidentes ante la guerra española. Estudia el impacto que tuvo la guerra en intelectuales de izquierda y derecha. También examina la manera en que poetas, narradores, ensayistas y periodistas emprendieron un activismo apasionado a favor de los dos bandos (la España "leal" y la España "nacionalista"), en poemas y artículos notables por su emoción y su maniqueísmo y en la organización colectiva de manifestaciones, asambleas, revistas, manifiestos y colectas.

To the growing literature on non-resident citizens' special representation, we contribute with a systematic examination of the role of descriptive representation of citizens living abroad in elections for extraterritorial districts. Using data for the 308 candidacy observations in three two-seat extraterritorial districts in five legislative elections held between 2007 and 2021 in Ecuador, for a total of 30 seats, we test four hypotheses related to the electoral rules, party-level, and socio-demographic factors of non-resident candidates. Ecuadorian non-resident candidates benefit from their incumbency position and party affiliation, along with left-wing ideological ascription and belonging to party organizations that pushed for voting rights abroad and that manifest an interest in emigrant issues. This article contributes to showing what gets emigrants elected in extraterritorial seats and offers a within-country comparison connecting elections with legislative politics across national borders.