Suchergebnisse

Recueil des cours de l'Académie de droit européen. The Academy of European Law (1997), directed by Philip ALSTON, Grainne DE BURCA and Bruno DE WITTE. ; Digitised version produced by the EUI Library and made available online in 2020 ; • Carol Harlow, Citizen Access to Political Power in the European Union, 1 • Adelina Adinolfi, New Modalities for the Preliminary References Procedure: The Amsterdam Treaty and the Conventions among Member States, 57 • Spiros Simitis, Data Protection in the European Union - The Quest for Common Rules, 95 • Giuliano Amato, Distinguished Lecture. A European Cartel Office?, 143 • Mireille Delmas-Marty, The European Union and Penal Law, 155 • Lawrence Lessig, The Law of the Horse: What Cyberlaw Might Teach, 199 • Walter van Gerven, General Course. Of Rights and Remedies in the Enforcement of European Community Law before National Courts, 241 • Index of Decisions by Transnational Courts, 361

Recueil des cours de l'Académie de droit européen. The Academy of European Law (1997), directed by Philip ALSTON, Grainne DE BURCA and Bruno DE WITTE. ; Digitised version produced by the EUI Library and made available online in 2020 ; • Thomas Risse, International Institutions, Non-State Actors, and Domestic Change: The Case of Human Rights, 1 • Susan Marks, Human Rights, Democracy and Ideology, 51 • James C. Hathaway, The International Refugee Rights Regime, 91 • Manfred Nowak, Lessons for the International Human Rights Regime from the Yugoslav Experience, 141 • Wilhelm Höynck, Distinguished Lecture. The Human Rights Dimension of the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe as Part of the International Human Rights Regime, 209

Digitised version produced by the EUI Library and made available online in Open Access in 2021 for research or private study purposes. ; Concentrating on regional and national identities in Europe in the 19th and 20th centuries, this volume aims at contributing to a better understanding of the origins and the nature of territorially-based identities in Europe. ; Part 1 How to study regional and national identities : regional and national orientations in 19th-century tourism, H. Bausinger -- The social interpretation of linguistic demands in European national movements, M. Hroch -- Denomination and ethnicity in industrial societies, V. Karady -- La ville comme antidote? : ou à la rencontre du troisième type (d'identité régionale), P-Y. Saunier -- Part 2 Nation, region and political culture : identity and conflict in a divided city-region, A.C. Hepburn -- Regions and nationalism in the Danish monarchy, S.B. Frandsen -- The socio-political environment of Balkan nationalism : the case of Ottoman Macedonia 1856-1912, F. Adanir -- La contribution de l'école primaire républicaine à l'identité française, A. Prost -- Les paradoxes des identités politiques en Belgique, A-P. Frognier -- La construction social des identités territoriales comme enjeu de lutte politique, B. Voutat -- Part 3 Social and symbolic construction of regions and nations : le rôle des productions culturelles dans la construction de l'identité et de l'alterité - l'exemple de la Catalogne, D. Provansal -- The shape of the nation : old buildings and social narratives in the German Kaiserreich, R. Koshar -- Régions et frontières : l'espace frontalier de Bale du XVIIe au XXe siècle, W. Kaiser -- National symbols in France and Germany in the 19th century, C. Tacke -- La construction culturelle d'une région, la Vende, J-C. Martin -- Nationalism, nation-building and language policy in Quebec and Catalonia, M. Keating.

Recueil des cours de l'Académie de droit européen. The Academy of European Law (1995), directed by Philip ALSTON, Renaud DEHOUSSE, Francis SNYDER and Joseph H. H. WEILER. ; Digitised version produced by the EUI Library and made available online in 2020 ; -- Emile Noël, La Conférence intergouvernementale de 1996 vers un nouvel ordre institutionnel, 1 -- Tommaso Padoa-Schioppa, The Genesis of EMU: A Retrospective View, 23 -- Francis Snyder, General Course. Constitutional Law of the European Union, 41 -- Norbert Reich, 'System der subjectiven öffentlichen Rechte' in the Union: A European Constitution for Citizens of Bits and Pieces, 157 -- Jo Shaw, Citizenship of the Union: Towards Post-National Membership?, 237 -- Index of Decisions by Transnational Courts, 349

Digitised version produced by the EUI Library and made available online in Open Access in 2021 for research or private study purposes. ; One of the most promising institutional innovations introduced by the Treaty on the European Union signed in Maastricht and by the reform of the European Community which accompanied it has been a new legal status granted equally to all Member States nationals: European Citizenship. The recent Treaty of Amsterdam has since improved and broadened this new status. Political community may be seen to consist of two main elements -- citizenship on the one hand and sovereignty on the other -- so that if we have citizens, there must be a sovereign. This is the reason why, once a European citizenship is established, one may say that, through a kind of `constitutive act', a European supranational society has been founded. In a democratic society, citizens are both the holders and the recipients of sovereignty, so that the scope of citizenship defines the area where sovereignty is operative and from which it may draw its legitimacy. Citizenship should necessarily refer to a society endowed with powers of political self-determination (that is, sovereignty). European citizenship is therefore extremely relevant, since it has a `foundational' character and signals the emergence of a new polity. This book deals with each of these questions and covers all aspects of European citizenship. It is entirely devoted to analysing this new and promising status, studied from a multiplicity of perspectives by a number of outstanding scholars and researchers from most of the member states of the European Union. It will be of prime interest both to lawyers and laypersons who want a better knowledge of the new opportunity for political participation and the new rights created by the European Union for its citizens. ; Preface, Massimo La Torre -- Introduction : European citizenship - identity and differentity, Joseph Weiler -- Part I Citizenship and rights -- Chapter I : the concept of citizenship in the period of the French Revolution, Michel Troper -- Chapter II : citizenship : problems, concepts and policies, Vincenzo Ferrari -- Chapter III : citizenship : a jurisprudential paradox, J. Donald Galloway -- Chapter IV : citizenship and raison d'État. The quest for identity in Central and Eastern Europe, Valentin Petev -- Chapter V : citizenship and nationality : tracing the French roots of the distinction, Benoit Guiguet -- Part II European citizenship and nationality -- Chapter VI : the relationship between the nationality legislation of the member states of the European Union and European citizenship, Gerard-René de Groot -- Chapter VII : German citizenship law and European citizenship : towards a special kind of dual nationality?, Raine Hofmann -- Chapter VIII : a dual citizenship in the making : the citizenship of the European Union and its reform, Jörg Monar -- Chapter IX : the position of resident third-country nationals : is it too early to grant them Union citizenship?, Álvaro Castro Oliveira -- Chapter X : equal citizenship and the difference that residence makes, Ruth Rubio Marín -- Chapter XI : a new basis for European citizenship : residence?, Marie-José Garot -- Part III A special kind of citizenship? -- Chapter XII : fundamental rights and the European citizen, David O'Keeffe and Antonio Bavasso -- Chapter XIII : Union citizenship and the constitutionalization of equality in EU law, Andrew Evans -- Chapter XIV : European citizenship in action : from Maastricht to the Intergovernmental Conference, Epaminondas Marias -- Chapter XV : European citizenship : what is is and what it could be, Vincenzo Lippolis -- Chapter XVI : a European citizenship without women?, Éliane Vogel-Polsky -- Part IV Citizenship and European democracy -- Chapter XVII : citizenship and democracy : elements for a theory of contemporary constitutional democracy, Gustavo Gozzi -- Chapter XVIII : citizenship beyond the national state? : the transnational citizenship of the European Union, Joseph Marko -- Chapter XIX : promises and resources - the developing practice of 'European' citizenship, Antje Wienver -- Chapter XX : supranational citizenship and democracy : normative and empirical dimensions, Carlos Closa -- Chapter XXI : citizenship, constitution, and the European Union, Massimo La Torre

Digitised version produced by the EUI Library and made available online in Open Access in 2021 for research or private study purposes. ; --FAMIGLIE E PAESI --15 Introduzione --15 Comunità, famiglia, identità --25 Buggiano e la Valdinievole --25 Spazi e paesaggi --28 Una federazione di paesi --43 La comunità e lo Stato: gli aspetti istituzionali --45 La popolazione tra crescita e declino --51 Con le spalle a Firenze: risorse economiche e mercati --52 Una pluralità di risorse --55 «.uno dei grossi mercati che si facciano in Toscana» --69 Attività economiche e rapporti produttivi --76 Le manifatture ottocentesche: un modello di sviluppo? --85 Gli spazi della politica --85 Le vicinanze e gli uffici tra xvi e xvm secolo --92 Da Buggiano al Borgo: la nuova comunità --96 Una perturbazione politica: l'arrivo dei francesi --109 Il territorio dimezzato: Ponte Buggianese da villaggio a comune --119 La struttura sociale --119 «Ricchi, comodi, poveri e miserabili». Tra fiscalità e rappresentazione sociale --124 Quelli che contano: note sull'élite locale --129 Famiglie di Buggiano e famiglie del Borgo. Una tipologia --135 La famiglia e il tempo --135 La memoria e il documento: l'uso delle genealogie --137 La selezione dei cognomi --140 Percorsi familiari e identità locale --141 Signori e proprietari --156 Vecchie professioni e nuovi mestieri --167 Tra paese e campagna: mugnai, pigionali e contadini --178 Mobilità umana e integrazione dei nuovi arrivati --189 11 matrimonio --192 Sposarsi a carnevale --198 Il matrimonio nello spazio: le aree matrimoniali e la scelta del coniuge --204 11 matrimonio nella società: modelli preferenziali e contesto socio-economico --227 Luoghi e tempi dell'identità locale --227 La parrocchia e la vicinanza --230 La comunità --233 La Valdinievole: «quasi una continuata città» --234 Memoria collettiva e coscienza d'appartenenza nell'identità buggíanese --239 Bibliografia citata nel testo ; Published version of EUI PhD thesis, 1989

Recueil des cours de l'Académie de droit européen. ; Digitised version produced by the EUI Library and made available online in 2020 ; -- Rolv Ryssdal, Winston Churchill Lecture. On the Road to a European Constitutional Court -- Carl Aage Nørgaard, General Course: The Protection of Human Rights in Europe -- Katarina Tomasevski, The AIDS Pandemic and Human Rights -- Hans Danelius, The International Protection against Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment -- Frances Olsen, Legal Responses to Gender Discrimination in Europe and the USA -- Ronald Dworkin & Steven Lukes, The Political Culture of Liberalism and the Prospects for Eastern and Central Europe -- Index of Decisions by Transnational Courts

Recueil des cours de l'Académie de droit européen. ; Digitised version produced by the EUI Library and made available online in 2020 ; -- Emile Noël, La Conférence intergouvernementale sur l'union politique européenne, à la veille du conseil européen de Luxembourg, 1 -- Ole Due, Conférence Robert Schuman sur le droit communautaire. Article 5 du traité CEE. Une disposition de caractère fédéral?, 15 -- John A. Usher, General Course: The Continuing Development of Law and Institutions, 37 -- Michel Waelbroeck, Règles de concurrence et concentrations, 167 -- Jean-Victor Louis, La Banque européenne pour la reconstruction et le développement. Aspects juridiques, 251 -- Francis Snyder, The Common Agricultural Policy in the Single European Market, 303 -- Index of Decisions by Transnational Courts, 337

Digitised version produced by the EUI Library and made available online in Open Access in 2021 for research or private study purposes. ; --Vorbemerkung. 7 --Hinführung: Theoretische und kategoriengeschichtliche Grundlagen. 11 --Problemstellung: Formenadäquanz oder Strukturbruch. 11 --Begriffliche Klärung: sozietaler Föderalismus 13 --Was da alles auf uns zukommt: föderale Lösung neuer Probleme 16 --Rückgriff: die entscheidende Wende 22 --Gegenstand: die "Politica Methodice Digesta" des Althusius 28 --Rückgriff auf den "Vater des modernen Föderalismus" 29 --Kontroversen 32 --Widersprüche 36 --Wirkungsgeschichte 40 --Kategoriengeschichtliche Traditionsbestände: Bodin, Hobbes, und die Alternative 44 --Die "suprema potestas" bei Bodin und Hobbes 45 --Politischer Calvinismus: der jüdische Bundesgedanke 51 --Aristotelismus: Polis und Logos 54 --Regionalismus und ständisches Wesen 58 --Hauptstück: Rekonstruktion der althusischen Politik. 67 --Anmerkungen zu Leben und Werk: ein europäischer Werdegang 67 --Der Bannkreis der reformierten Kirche 69 --Ostfriesland als Schauplatz eines ständisch-anti-absolutistischen Nachhutgefechts 75 --Theorie und Praxis bei Althusius 78 --Politica Methodice Digesta 79 --Exeteils Sacris & Profants Illustrata 85 --Der Funktionale Aufbau 89 --Natürliche Ordnung: die Familie 96 --Zivile Gemeinschaft: das Kollegium 102 --Vollständige politische Ordnung: die Stadt 106 --Das universale Gemeinwesen 114 --Zugeständnis an die Zeit: die Provinz. 126 --Die Idee der Konsoziation 133 --Kommunikation 138 --Verwaltung 141 --Der systematische Aufbau 147 --Natürliche und zivile Ordnung 149 --Privates und öffentliches Interesse 153 --Partikulare und universale Struktur. 158 --Repräsentation und Legitimation als politischer Prozeß 165 --Repräsentation als organisierte Beteiligung 173 --Repräsentation und Konsens 180 --Das Wesen föderaler Repräsentation in der althusischen Politik. 189 --Souveränität als organisierte Wirkungseinheit 197 --Die naturrechtliche Begründung souveräner Herrschaft 199 --Das organisierte Volk als Träger der Souveränität 209 --Organisation und Kontrolle der Herrschaft 221 --Der logische Schlußstein: die Lehre vom Widerstand 230 --Schluß: Föderalismus als Alternative 243 --Literatur 257 --Register 285

Digitised version produced by the EUI Library and made available online in Open Access in 2021 for research or private study purposes. ; This volume is testimony to the growing collaboration between the Euro-pean University Institute and the University of Florence. It presents the results of a highly successful conference* organized by the two institutions to discuss the concept of Crimes of State as found in Article 19 of the International Law Commission Draft Articles on State Responsibility. To the outside observer the Conference on Crimes of State presented a remarkable experience. It convoked around the table judges, diplomats and academicians — all scholars of the highest repute. Participants represented all major legal families and international law groupings. All major religions were presented as were different philosophical traditions. They gathered to discuss a controversial and perhaps even an explosive subject. And yet the debate was characterized by a geniality uncommon in diplomatic settings, rare among lawyers and, should I say, unknown to the most litigious of professions — university professors. Im am pleased to present the results of the conference in book form and thank warmly all those who contributed to the success of this truly transnational scholarly venture. ; Part I Crimes of state : the legislative history -- International crimes of state : the legislative history, Marina Spinedi -- Part II Crimes of state : the problems revisited -- The concept of "international crimes" and its place in contemporary international law, Georges Abi-Saab -- Obligations erga omnes, international crimes and jus cogens : a tentative analysis of three related concepts, Giorgio Gaja -- International crimes – a specific regime of international responsibility of states and its legal consequences, Bernhard Graefrath -- Implications of the institutionalization of international crimes of states, Pierre-Marie Dupuy -- Part III Crimes of state: a general discussion -- Introduction to the debate, T. O. Elias and H. E. Judges -- General discussion -- Observations on "crimes of states", Ted L. Stein -- Remarks on the present legal regulation of crimes of states, A. Cassese -- Some comments on state crimes and lex lata, H. Bokor-Szego -- Remarks on some classes of crimes by states, R. Ago -- State crimes and lex lata, J. Sette Camara -- On defining the concept, G. Abi-Saab -- Responsibility and state crimes, G . Aldrich -- The concept of crimes of states : evolution, operation and codification, M. Bennouna -- Remarks on deficient drafting of Article 19, Ε. Stein -- State responsibility and the concept of crimes of states, Ian Sinclair -- Lex lata : is there already a differentiated regime of state responsibility in the Geneva Conventions?, T. Meron -- Critical remarks on the applicability of the concept of crimes of states to humanitarian law, Α. Cassese -- The continuity between certain principles of humanitarian law and the concept of crimes of states, L. Condorelli -- Obligations erga omnes and the international community, R. Ago -- Short comments on the concept of crimes of states and some related notions, H. Bokor-Szego -- Jus cogens and crimes of state, Ε. Jiménez De Aréchaga -- State responsibility : lex ferenda and crimes of state, Ian Sinclair -- Lex lata or the continuum of state responsibility, S. Mccaffrey -- Convergences and divergencies on the legal consequences of international crimes of states : with whom should lie the right of response?, M. Spinedi -- The objectives of a new regime and the means for accomplishment, S. Mccaffrey -- Critical observations on crimes of state and the notion of "international community as a whole", H. De Fiumel -- The concept of "international community as a whole" : a guarantee to the notion of state crimes, R. Ago -- On the reaction of the "international community as a whole" : a perspective of survival, B. Graefrath -- Crimes of state, ius standi, and third states, E. Jiménez De Aréchaga -- State crimes implementation problems : who reacts?, Ian Sinclair -- The need to abolish the concept of punishment, C. Dominicé -- Crimes of state : the concept and response, W. Riphagen -- Legal questions relating to the consequences of international crimes, C. Dominicé -- Some short remarks : consequences and terminology, J. Sette Camara -- Measures available to third states reacting to crimes of state, L. Condorelli -- The institutional framework. B. Conforti -- Part IV Crimes of state : general overviews of the debate -- Problems and issues raised by crimes of states : an overview, S. Torres Bernardez -- The need to better clarify the concept of crimes of states, D. Thiam -- Part V Crimes of state : part two of the ILC work on state responsibility -- International crimes : injury and countermeasures. Comments on part 2 of the ILC work on state responsibility, Bruno Simma -- Part VI Crimes of state : conclusions -- On prophets and judges. Some personal reflections on state responsibility and crimes of state. Concluding remarks to the Florence Conference on state responsibility, Joseph H. H. Weiler -- Part VII Crimes of state : bibliography -- International crimes of state. Bibliography 1946-1984, Marina Spinedi -- Part VIII Crimes of state : annexes -- I. Draft articles on state responsibility adopted so far by the International Law Commission -- II. Draft articles on state responsibility submitted by Special Rapporteur Riphagen

Digitised version produced by the EUI Library and made available online in Open Access in 2021 for research or private study purposes ; Les essais rassemblés dans ce recueil émanent des travaux du séminaire de philosophie politique de l'Institut Universitaire Européen, qui rassemble des chercheurs de plusieurs nationalités et qui encourage le dialogue entre personnes de formations très diverses. Nous pensons que, dans le développement des thèmes qui nous préoccupent, le résultat de nos efforts n'est pas disharmonieux dans sa polyphonie et que les voix dans leur variété se complètent plutôt qu'elles ne s'opposent. Notre interrogation porte sur le langage politique et sur ses liens avec la réalité dont il parle et qu'il informe. La nature même de l'objet de notre analyse soulève le problème des conditions de notre entendement. et ranime à la lumière de la pensée contemporaine l'ancienne discussion sur la position relative de la philosophie et de la rhétorique. Notre démarche se veut donc épistémologique autant qu'ontologique et cherche dans un domaine où il y a peu de certitudes à ne pas se livrer à l'arbitraire et à ne pas abdiquer à la tentative de traiter du contingent par la raison. Des discussions plus ou moins systématiques sur la réalité politique, sur le langage et l'éloquence, sur la logique et sur la vérité du discours sont suivies par des études historiques. ; --Introduction 1 --L'art du possible 3 --PIERRE-JEAN TERRAIL La logique du discours 16 --PETER WEBER-SCHXFER Rhétorique, vérité et politique 64 --ATHANASIOS MOULAKIS Langage, rhétorique et réalité politique 78 --JANINE CHANTEUR Discours vrai et langage politique 93 --FRANCESCA RIGOTTI Métaphore et langage politique 109 --MANFRED HINZ Les stratégies rhétoriques du courtisan: Baldassar Castiglione et Baltasar Grecian 130 --JEAN-PIERRE CAVAILLE Mundus est fabula: Variation cartésienne sur un thème baroque 180 --GIGLIOLA ROSSINI La théorie linguistique de Hobbes 212 --MAURIZIO VIROLI Le langage de l'ordre dans la philosophie politique de Rousseau 263 --ROBERTO RIGHI L'invention du rire: A propos des "Reflections upon Laughter" de Francis Hutcheson 296 --THOMAS MERTENS Habermas et Searle: Remarques critiques sur la théorie de l'action communicative 312 --PATRICK NERHOT La notion de fait en sciences juridiques 339 --PETER KENNEALY Notions de règles: Constitutif ou régulateur? 356 --DANIEL ANDLER Langage et cognition 371 --Aperçus biographiques 399

Digitised version produced by the EUI Library and made available online in Open Access in 2021 for research or private study purposes.

Digitised version produced by the EUI Library and made available online in Open Access in 2021 for research or private study purposes

Digitised version produced by the EUI Library and made available online in Open Access in 2021 for research or private study purposes ; This is the second volume from the project on "The Future of Party Government." For a general introduction to the project, the reader should consult the introduction to the first volume. Volume II of the series, "European and American Experiences", is by its very nature closely connected to volume I, "Visions and Realities of Party Government." Whereas volume I raised general questions about party government, volume II deals with eight selected countries. Each chapter by itself may give an adequate analytic description of the country which is its empirical subject, but at the same time each is a part of a realistic analysis of the various forms of democratic party government. We have tried to describe these eight countries not like single pearls on a string but rather as important elements of a mosaic representing today's ruling formula of the organization of power in democracies. The chapters are at the same time "empirical" and "theoretical". Without volume I, this book could not have been written as it has been written; without volume II, present day realities of party government would have been treated only as an abstract conceptualization. Volume III, which is scheduled to appear shortly, will try to answer more explicitly the questions of whether and to what extent the institutional set-up of party government, in all its rich variety, influences policies. We know generally that "institutions" shape "behavior", that is, in our context, that they shape "policies" in general. However, it is necessary to be more specific and to illustrate this process with examples from important policy fields. We ask for the reader's tolerance that the problematic of party government is treated as a "palimpsest", that each of the succeeding volumes is based on, or connected with, its predecessors, but, at the same time, provides a further contribution to intensified insights. This mode of work, however, is based on a specific line of theoretical reasoning. The individualistic school of political science looks for a (single) "theory" (and we may be criticized for not delivering such a theory). It very often tries to explain macro phenomena with individualistic theories, falling into the trap of the individualistic fallacy and reduction. However, we believe that the existing organization of power, namely party government, can never be explained by just one individualistically based theory, but that different theoretical and methodological approaches coordinated into a conceptualization are necessary to understanding the problematic. It is also wise to remember that "the art of governing" is an art at least as much as it is a science. ; --Preface V --Chapter I: RICHARD S. K./Party Government and Its Alternatives 1 --Chapter II: KARLHEINZ REIF/Party Government in the Fifth French Republic 27 --Chapter III: RUDOLF WILDENMANN/The Party Government of the Federal Republic of Germany: Form and Experience 78 --Chapter IV: HERBERT DORING/Party Government in Britain — Recent Conspicuous Constraints 118 --Chapter V: GUNNAR SJOBLOM/The Role of Political Parties in Denmark and Sweden, 1970-1984 155 --Chapter VI: GIANFRANCO PASQUINO/Party Government in Italy: Achievements and Prospects 202 --Chapter VII: FRANZ LEHNER and BENNO HOMANN/Consociational Decision-Making and Party Government in Switzerland 243 --Chapter VIII: MORRIS P. FIORINA/Party Government in the United States — Diagnosis and Prognosis 270 --Name Index 301 --Subject Index 307

Digitised version produced by the EUI Library and made available online in Open Access in 2021 for research or private study purposes ; The 1986 pre-election year in the Federal Republic of Germany was an interesting one. Starting with the communal elections in Schleswig-Holstein in March, the parties began to prepare themselves for the big upcoming event - the general election in January 1987. The governing Christian Democrats (CDU) suffered a severe vote loss in this March election as part of their most loyal supporters - the farmers - decided to abstain due to a general dissatisfaction with EEC regulations and agricultural government policies. In order to avoid further farmers' boycotts for the next 'Lander'-elections in Lower Saxony in June, Bavaria in October and Hamburg in November, the federal government sprang into action. A 500 million DM programme was passed in the beginning of June, which reduced the farmers' contributions to the agrarian social security system with retrospective effect to January 1986. As a result of the reactor accident in Tschernobyl another 500 million DM were promised to cover the losses of agricultural products because of radio activity. In order to appease the farmers even more, a special election gift of 100 million DM to subsidize fallow land was given to Lower Saxony's farmers one week before the election took place. At the same time the parliament increased veterans' benefits by 2,15% from July onwards, further increases being promised by January 1987. The predominant social policy issue, however, concerned old age pensions, more precisely, the question of adopting a so-called 'baby year' in pension law. The coalition government in Bonn decided to give all women born before 1921 a monthly payment of 25 DM for each child. The programme will start in October 1987 and will gradually include all female pensioners with children by 1990. Described by Chancellor Kohl as a new dimension in social policy, the programme will cost 3,3 billion DM per year by 1990. ; Published version of EUI PhD thesis, 1985