Suchergebnisse

The aim of this paper is to present the results of the pilot project on the environmental goods and services sector accounts (EGSS). It was conducted in Poland in 2015. This account is compatible with the ESA standards and includes the production activities of a national economy that generate environmental products that have been produced for the purpose of environmental protection and resource management. Data are collected according to classification of economic activities, classes of the classification of environmental protection activities and the classification of resource management activities.

PUBLIC CHOICE THEORY OFFERS A CHALLENGE FROM WITHIN STANDARD NEO-CLASSICAL THEORY TO BOTH SIDES OF RECENT DEBATES ON THE USE OF COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS IN ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY-MAKING. BOTH DEFENDERS AND CRITICS OF COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS ASSUME THAT POLTIICLA ACTORS ARE BENIGN CHANNELS FOR THE FORMULATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY. THE PUBLIC CHOICE THEORIST MAINTAINS THAT THE CONSISTENT APPLICATION OF STANDARD ECONOMIC THEORY TO NON-MARKET SPHERES SHOWS THAT THIS ASSUMPTION IS FALSE. ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS THAT ARISE FROM 'MARKET FAILURE' CAN AND SHOULD BE SOLVED, IT IS CLAIMED, BY INSTITUTIONAL CHANGE WITHIN THE MARKET SPHERE ITSEL THROUGH A REDEFINITION OF PROPERTY RIGHTS. THIS ARTICLE CRITICIZES THIS PUBLIC CHOICE PERSPECTIVE ON THE ENVIRONMENT. WHILE THE PUBLIC CHOICE CRITICISM OF THE BENIGN VIEW OF STATE ACTORS HAS SOME POWER, THE GENERAL PROJECT OF EXTENDING STANDARD ASSUMPTIONS ABOUT THE ECONOMIC AGENT TO NON-MARKET DOMAINS IS FLAWED. THE EXPLANATORY AND NORMATIVE ASSUMPTIONS OF THE 'OLD' INSTITUTIONALISM OF CLASSICAL ECONOMICS OFFER A MORE PROMISING STARTING POINT TO AN INSTITUTIONAL UNDERSTANDING OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS THAN DOES THE NEW' NEO-CLASSICAL INSTITUTIONALISM OFFERED BY PUBLIC CHOICE THEORY.

We examine the effects of trade liberalization in environmental goods in a model with one domestic downstream polluting firm and two upstream firms (one domestic, one foreign). The upstream firms offer their technologies to the downstream firm at a flat fee. The domestic government sets the emission tax rate after the outcome of R&D is known. The effect of liberalization on the domestic upstream firm's R&D incentive is ambiguous. Liberalization usually results in cleaner production, which allows the country to reach higher welfare. However this increase in welfare is typically achieved at the expense of the environment (a backfire effect).

The economic valuation of environmental goods and services (EVEG&S) results of the increasing concern with the quality of industrial products and the reduction of social welfare. The EVEG&S presents the direct and indirect costs and benefits of quantitative and qualitative environmental changes in goods and services and corresponding impacts. This is particularly important in the valuation of investment projects and governmental policies. This study consists in a survey of environmental appraisal methods, focusing into the hypothetical and complementary market based ones. The review reveals that evaluation of environmental quality is very complex. In fact, for each criterion there are several assumptions that are inapplicable to all situations. Effectively, despite the evident complementarity of conventional goods environmental quality, the values attributed to these resources could be underestimated and complementary and substitute markets can be inefficient parameters.

Abstract
A teleological approach to deciding how we should act underlies the attempted extension of neo-classical economics to environmental issues, with its emphasis on comparative valuation in monetary terms. Such an extension fails because, in the environmental sphere, there are powerful reasons for denying commensurability of the relevant values. But this denial then tends to undercut any weighing of environmental goods. In response to this difficulty, the paper seeks to develop an account of the weighing of goods which would enable us to recognise value as a human creation, while also grounding it in an ecological unity with the wider life of nature.