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Darwin's extensive writings may seem antiquated to current thinkers with their predilections for cognitive science, neuroscience, and analytic branches of philosophy. He showed that morphologies are not simply taxonomic distinctions that allow classification into species. They describe living animals, hence morphologies-in-motion: animate forms of life engaged in synergies of meaningful movement, all of which are testimony to animal sentience.

Neste texto procuramos demonstrar que a cultura atual, produzida a partir da organização econômica e social e difundida pela indústria cultural, continua a gerar o que Adorno conceituou como "semiformação". Por meio de pesquisas e observações realizadas sobre os hábitos e comportamentos de alunos de uma escola pública de ensinos fundamental e médio de uma cidade da área metropolitana de São Paulo, pudemos comprovar a atualidade do conceito e perceber que a atual fase da "semiformação" age como um verdadeiro obstáculo à cultura letrada apresentada por meio da educação formal. Sendo assim, as dificuldades do processo de ensino e aprendizagem não se reduzem a apenas uma questão de metodologia empregada pelo professor.

A large theoretical literature argues laws exert a causal effect on norms, but empirical evidence remains scant. Using a novel identification strategy, this paper provides a clean empirical test of this proposition. We use incentivized vignette experiments to directly measure social norms relating to actions subject to legal thresholds. Our large-scale experiments featured around 5,800 subjects drawn from six samples recruited in the UK and China. Results show laws often, but not always, influence norms. Our findings are robust to different methods of measuring norms, and remain qualitatively similar across samples and between two countries with very different legislative environments.

A large theoretical literature argues laws exert a causal effect on norms, but empirical evidence remains scant. Using a novel identification strategy, we provide a compelling empirical test of this proposition. We use incentivized vignette experiments to directly measure social norms relating to actions subject to legal thresholds. Our large-scale experiments (n = 7,000) run in the United Kingdom, United States, and China show that laws can causally influence social norms. Results are robust across different samples and methods of measuring norms, and are consistent with a model of social image concerns where individuals care about the inferences others make about their underlying prosociality. (JEL C91, C92, D91, K00, K42, P37)