Suchergebnisse

Microbial electrochemical technologies (METs) are promising for sustainable applications. Recently, electron storage during intermittent operation of electroactive biofilms (EABs) has been shown to play an important role in power output and electron efficiencies. Insights into electron storage mechanisms, and the conditions under which these occur, are essential to improve microbial electrochemical conversions and to optimize biotechnological processes. Here, we discuss the two main mechanisms for electron storage in EABs: storage in the form of reduced redox active components in the electron transport chain and in the form of polymers. We review electron storage in EABs and in other microorganisms and will discuss how the mechanisms of electron storage can be influenced. ; This work is part of the research program Vidi (with project number 17516), which is (partly) financed by the Dutch Research Council (NWO). The research was performed in cooperation with Wetsus, the European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology. Wetsus is cofunded by the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs and Ministry of Infrastructure and Environment, the European Union Regional Development Fund, the Province of Fryslân, and the Northern Netherlands Provinces. The authors would like to thank the participants of the research theme 'Resource Recovery' for the fruitful discussions and their financial support. The authors also acknowledge the financial support given by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) under the scope of the strategic funding of UIDB/04469/2020 unit and BioTecNorte operation (NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000004) funded by the European Regional Development Fund under the scope of Norte2020 – Programa Operacional Regional do Norte. ...

1 Historical Survey -- 2 Basic Principles of Electron Optics -- 2.1. Rotationally Symmetric Lenses in the Bell-Shaped Field Approximation -- 2.2. Rotationally Symmetric Lenses with Arbitrary Field Distribution -- 2.3. Aberrations Resulting from Misalignment -- 2.4. Multipole Fields for Beam Correction -- 2.5. Image Contrast -- 2.6. Further Sources of Error -- 2.7. Fixed Beam and Scanning Mode -- 3 Superconducting Devices in Electron Microscopy -- 3.1. Advantages of Superconducting Devices -- 3.2. Technical Problems -- 4 Lens Design and Testing -- 4.1. Lens Design and Field Distribution -- 4.2. Correction Systems for Superconducting Objective Lenses -- 4.3. Testing of Objective Lenses -- 5 Systems with Superconducting Lenses -- 5.1. Tested Systems -- 5.2. Projected Systems -- 6 Other Superconducting Elements for Electron Microscopy -- 6.1. Superconducting High-Voltage Beam Generator -- 6.2. Magnetic Dipoles -- 7 Proposed Superconducting 3-MV Microscope -- 7.1. Accelerator -- 7.2. Spectrometer -- 7.3. Microscope Column -- 7.4. Further Improvements of the System -- Appendixes -- A. Superconducting Electron Optical Systems for High-Energy Physics -- A.1. General Remarks -- A.2. Magnet Designs -- B. Application of Electron Microscopy to Basic Research on Superconductivity -- B.1. Imaging by the Decoration Method -- B.2. Imaging by Electron Shadow Microscopy -- B.3. Imaging by an Electron Mirror Microscope -- B.4. Imaging by Lorentz Microscopy -- B.5. Imaging by a Vortex Electron Microscope -- References.

Extracellular electron transfer explained
Arpita Bose, PhD from Washington University in St. Louis, guides us through host-associated impacts and biotechnological applications of extracellular electron transfer in electrochemically active bacteria. Electron flow and oxidative and reductive reactions, referred to as "redox reactions," collectively impact the outcomes of biochemical pathways essential for cell growth, energy conservation, and stress response throughout various organisms. An example of these organisms is electrochemically active bacteria (EAB), which can link internal redox reactions with external electron acceptors or donors via a process known as extracellular electron transfer (EET).

We study the strength of the electron-phonon interaction on Fe single adatoms on MgO/Ag(100) based on many-body ab initio spin collinear calculations. In particular, we analyze the relative importance of the substrate and, among other results, we conclude that the interface electron state of Ag(100) plays a prominent role in determining the electron-phonon coupling of localized Fe electron states. The analysis of the hybridization of the adatom with the substrate reveals qualitative differences for even or odd coverages of MgO, affecting significantly the spectral structure and strength of the electron-phonon coupling. Our calculations indicate that the electron-phonon interaction is very strong for ≤ 1 layers of MgO, while it is sharply suppressed for larger coverages, a trend that is consistent with recent experimental findings. ; The authors acknowledge the Department of Education, Universities and Research of the Eusko Jaurlaritza and the University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU (Grant No. IT1260-19), the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness MINECO (Grants No. FIS2016-75862-P and No. PID2019-103910GB-I00), and the University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU (Grant No. GIU18/138) for financial support. This project has also received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie Grant Agreement No. 839237 and the European Research Council (ERC) Grant Agreement No. 946629. H.G.-M. acknowledges the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness MINECO (Grant No. BES-2017-080039) and the Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) for financial support. ; Peer reviewed

THIS PAPER SHOWS THAT ONE OF THE CONSEQUENCES OF ELECTORAL CAMPAIGNS IS ACTIVATION. MUCH RESEARCH IN THE LAST DECADE HAS SHOWN THAT CAMPAIGN SPENDING IS RELATED TO ELECTORAL OUTCOMES, BUT NEARLY ALL OF THIS RESEARCH HAS BEEN CONDUCTED ON DISTRICT-LEVEL DATA, SO WE DO NOT KNOW HOW CAMPAIGNS INFLUENCE INDIVIDUAL VOTERS. THIS RESEARCH RETURNS TO THE THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK OFFERED IN THE PEOPLE'S CHOICE AND SHOW THAT AT LEAST PART OF THE EFFECT OF CAMPAIGNS IS DUE TO THE INCREASED LIKELIHOOD OF PEOPLE VOTING WHEN CAMPAIGNS ARE MORE INTENSE.

The work of MF andAMis sponsored by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) under grant NE/H024921/1. IK, OS, RL, and LU are supported by the international cooperation program of the ASCR grant M10042120 and by the GACR project 205-09-1253. JB is supported by the Earth-system project TAMOP-4.2.2.C-11/1/KONV-2012-0015 sponsored by the EU and European Social Foundation. OV is supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation under project AYA2011-29936-C05-04. ChH acknowledges an ERC starting grant from the European Union. ; The acceleration of electrons results in observable electromagnetic waves which can be used for remote sensing. Here, we make use of similar to 4 Hz-66 MHz radio waves emitted by two consecutive intense positive lightning discharges to investigate their impact on the atmosphere above a thundercloud. It is found that the first positive lightning discharge initiates a sprite where electrons are accelerated during the exponential growth and branching of the sprite streamers. This preconditioned plasma above the thundercloud is subsequently exposed to a second positive lightning discharge associated with a bouncing-wave discharge. This discharge process causes a re-brightening of the existing sprite streamers above the thundercloud and initiates a subsequent relativistic electron beam. ; Publisher PDF ; Peer reviewed