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India became independent in 1947 and adopted a Constitution in 1950, which remains in force today.1 Part III of the Constitution protects fundamental rights, including the right to life, which has been interpreted to mean the right to live a life with dignity and free from violence.2 The Constitution also empowers the State to take affirmative measures to protect women under Article 15.3 The Indian Parliament has often invoked Article 15 to pass special legislative or executive measures to protect women, which have generally been upheld by the CourtsIt took India fourteen years after independence to pass its first law directly relating to violence against women. In 1961, the Dowry Prohibition Act (DPA) came into effect which penalized not only taking but giving of dowry. However, the Act did not effectively curb the practice of dowry.5 The Indian Parliament later passed Dowry Prohibition (Amendment) Acts in 1984 and 1986, but their impact was as negligible as that of the 1961 Act.6

"Date originated 09/30/75; Date updated 01/08/80." ; Includes bibliographical references (page 9). ; Mode of access: Internet. ; Description based on print resource.

WI docs. no.: Leg.3:IM/1977/22. ; "Nov. 28, 1977." ; Prepared for the Council's Special Committee on Domestic Violence. ; Caption title. ; Mode of access: Internet.

The implementation of international policies relating to domestic violence on national level is mostly discussed under the binary of compliance and non-compliance. Drawing on comparative policy research conducted by the IMPRODOVA project, the article argues that much is to be gained by analysing variance within compliant translations of international policy to national levels. Three examples for such variance are discussed in relation to the translations of the "Istanbul Convention" in a number of EU-States. In doing so, examples for the advantages of this analytical approach adopted by IMPRODOVA can be shown along the preliminary findings in the area of national policy analysis.

Recent studies show that domestic work, which cut across age and gender, can have adverse and exploitative consequences for workers, particularly in an unregulated environment. Due to these concerns, international organizations have enacted legislation for a regulated legal environment for domestic work for member nations to domesticate. Nigeria, as a member nation and signatory to the conventions and recommendations, has failed to enact legislation that will regulate the domestic work contractual terms. This article reviews the experiences of domestic workers in Nigeria concerning the abuses and exploitations they suffer in the hands of their employers. The ethical implications of the employers' attitude towards domestic workers are considered. Drawing on the qualitative methodological approach, primary data were collected from 26 interviews with domestic workers in Lagos, Nigeria. Also, secondary data from newspaper and magazine reports were analyzed. Germane ethical issues such as long hours of work, workload, lack of voice, abuses and ill-treatment, health and safety, maternity protection, are explored from the reported experiences of the workers and policy recommendations are made on the urgent need for the state to enact stringent legislation to stop unethical practices in the domestic work industry.

Analyzes legal and administrative regimes in Italy, France, and Germany; 3 articles.