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Purpose
– This paper aims to address the link between the internationalization of the MNC and its location choices and the discovery of disruptive innovations among the dispersed network of subsidiaries.


Design/methodology/approach
– A recent categorization of innovation suggests that not all innovations can be treated the same. Distinguishing between the various innovation typologies, this paper focuses on disruptive innovation within an international context. Many researchers have found that large incumbent firms tend to have issues with developing disruptive innovation, and are often disrupted by new entrants. However, there are cases of MNEs being successful with disruptive innovation and this paper sets out to theoretically explain where MNEs find ideas for disruption to aid in the incumbent's curse. Specifically, this paper asks, where do disruptive innovations originate in a MNE?


Findings
– Using a transaction cost approach and resource-based view, along with other seminal pieces in international business, it is proposed that disruptive ideas start in subsidiaries. It further proposes the characteristics of these subsidiaries that should increase the likelihood of discovering disruption.


Originality/value
– This paper not only expands the boundary conditions of disruptive innovation, but also expands on the "where" question for knowledge acquisition and long-term performance in MNEs.

PurposeThis paper aims to present an assessment framework which captures the essential characteristics and holistic success factors for disruptive innovation based on the original theory of Christensen, a number of clarifications as reported in the literature and a study of known, successful cases in the literature.Design/methodology/approachThe framework was designed based on the improved understanding of disruptive innovation challenges and on the holistic consideration of innovation as a dynamic process. It consists of structured questions which could be used to guide detailed data collection and analysis needed to answer the key questions which constitute the assessment framework. They are grouped under market positioning, technology and other favourable drivers.FindingsA simple yet comprehensive assessment framework for disruptive innovation has been developed. Two of the known successful cases, namely the steel minimill of Nucor and the 3.5 inch disk drive of Conner/Seagate, were presented in more detail to illustrate the use of this systematic framework in assessing the success potential of these cases of disruptive innovations in either the low‐end or new markets. A third and fairly new example, that of the limited mobile phone system/product of UTStarcom, was then presented to illustrate a case where the framework revealed reasons for potential failure. A fourth example of Google's web‐based office applications then illustrated how the framework might be used to study the disruptive potential of a new product.Originality/valueThis paper enables a more accurate and systematic assessment of disruptive innovation. The framework also has the potential to be further developed into a systematic tool for answering the question of whether the disruptive innovation theory could indeed be used to provide ex ante prediction of the success of a new disruptive innovation.

The intersection of leadership and innovation has led to disruptions in our lives from technology to social media and beyond. To a leader, the disruptions occur from new technology, situations like the pandemic, and how society puts things in motion. Innovations occur because of the ideas and questions that are shared. How you as a leader, a youth worker, or a community member, respond to the disruptions and innovations often impacts how you manage changes that occur in your work.

Firms must adapt to a business environment in constant flux. Economic and political factors and the constant interruption of new technologies force firms and organizations to change and to adapt, so that they are not left behind. Over recent years, the development of disruptive innovations has completely revolutionized past scenarios. These innovations break with what is already established and firms from various sectors face no choice other than to incorporate them into their project management portfolios, so as to ensure survival and business sustainability. Using MIVES methodology as its foundation, a business sustainability management model is presented in this paper for the management of disruptive innovation projects that a firm may wish to develop within a given sector. The management model is designed to facilitate disruptive innovation project management for firms within technological-industrial sectors, by assessing the sustainability of the project. The model is applied to two firms, one from the machine-tooling sector and another from the construction sector. Finally, a sensitivity analysis was performed, the results of which verified the validity and the stability of the proposed model.

1. Perspectives on disruptive innovation -- 2. Relevance to the airline industry -- 3. Disruptive forces and their convergence -- 4. Adaptation strategies by airlines -- 5. Adaptation strategies : developing and emerging markets -- 6. Adaptation strategies by airports -- 7. Airline transformational opportunities -- 8. Potential disruptive innovators and scenarios -- 9. Closing thoughts : innovating in the air travel space.