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There is an undoubted challenge in understanding and interpreting the multi-layered and multi-dimension processes of democratization and gauging their significance. This collection explains aspects or experiments in democratization across the world and relates the substantial body of work across thematic fields of research

Reversions from democratic to undemocratic regimes have often occurred historically and continue to occur frequently. Both increases in categorical inequality across a regime's subject population and declines in the insulation of public politics from categorical inequality tend to de-democratize regimes. A general account of democratization and de-democratization yields a series of conjectures concerning the processes by which changes in categorical inequality threaten democracy.

Cover -- Half Title -- Dedication -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Tables -- Contributors -- Acknowledgements -- 1 Introduction: money and politics in emerging democracies -- Democracy, democratization and political competition -- Costing democracy -- Money for democratization, and the issue of corruption -- Funding regimes -- Funding democratization then and now -- Conclusion -- Notes -- 2 The funding of political parties in North America: the early years -- The idea of corruption in relation to party funding -- United States: introduction and background -- The 'myth' of nineteenth-century party funding in the United States -- Contrasts with political funding in the late twentieth century -- The demand for funds- the nature of party competition -- The supply of funds from American society -- The system of 'self-generated' funding -- Patronage and the late-nineteenth-century Canadian state -- Problems of party funding in North America -- Notes -- 3 Financial uncertainties of party formation and consolidation in Britain, Germany and Italy: the early years in theoretical perspective -- From personal wealth to patronage -- From large donors to a multitude of small subscriptions -- The diffusion of the mass party technique -- Expanding the range of financial sources -- Conclusion -- Notes -- 4 Party funding in a new democracy: Spain -- Improvisation during the transition -- The effects of funding arrangements -- The need for reform -- Conclusion -- Notes -- 5 Chile's new democracy: political funding and economic transformation -- Sources of party funding -- Party funding before military rule and during the transition -- Political campaigning in the new democracy -- Government proposals to regulate electoral campaign finance -- Conclusion -- Notes -- 6 Funding parties and elections in Brazil -- The institutional background

It is two decades since the 'third wave' of democratization began to roll across sub-Saharan Africa in the early 1990s. This book provides a very timely investigation into the progress and setbacks over that period, the challenges that remain and the prospects for future democratization in Africa. It commences with an overall assessment of the (lack of) progress made from 1990 to 2010, exploring positive developments with reasons for caution. Based on original research, subsequent contributions examine various themes through country case-studies, inclusive of: the routinisation of election.

Democratization is the most comprehensive volume on this critical field of contemporary politics, with insightful coverage of the key theories, actors, dynamics, and developments. This authoritative guide brings together leading experts from diverse international backgrounds, including some of the best known names in the field, making it an invaluable resource to students of democratization. This second edition reflects the dramatic changes in today's political world, with empirical coverage of developments on every continent. It considers the role of new technologies, including a dedicated chapter on social media and democratization, as well as the resilience of authoritarianism and renewed antidemocratic tendencies in many parts of the world.

Democratization is a major political phenomenon of the current age. Democratization through the looking glass argues that our perspectives on democratization reflect the intellectual origins of the inquiry. How we see and understand it are influenced by w.