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Six commercial divers were investigated for anxiety responses during a 29‐day, open‐sea world record dive at 500 meters of depth. Three of six (50%) divers developed anxiety. The authors emphasize the importance of research on personality traits as possible predictors for the development of anxiety during deep dives of exceptional depth and duration of confinement. Anxiety 1:237–241 (1994/1995). © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Copyright © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc., A Wiley Company ; Peer reviewed

In recent years, the New South Wales government education system changed the way whole-school evaluation occurs. Moving away from external school reviews when data suggested underperformance, principals are now required to develop 3-year strategic school plans and self-evaluate them in consultation with their staff, parents and students. An external validation process is then undertaken by principal peers. The internal school process presumes a stakeholder-engagement approach to school planning and evaluation. It further presumes that stakeholders are not only consulted but also feel they understand and own the plan. One school principal, realising the challenges that the new model posed for himself and his staff, engaged an evaluation team to develop and implement a process that would help his school rise to these challenges. This article describes the empowerment evaluation process that ensued. It first explains the context of the school that gave rise to empowerment over other forms of stakeholder-engagement evaluation processes. It discusses how the literature on values underpinned the conceptual framework and operational model. The article then illustrates how the process enabled the staff to engage explicitly with personal and organisational values and how a focus on these values was built into every stage of the process. Finally, the benefits as well as the challenges of this approach are described.

Canary Islands: ONR grants N00014-16-1-2973 and N00014-16-1-3017, and the Spanish Central Government Plan Nacional DeepCom CTM2017-88686-P. PLT was supported by ONR grant N00014-18-1-2062 and PLT and MJ acknowledge the support of the MASTS pooling initiative (The Marine Alliance for Science and Technology for Scotland) in the completion of this study. MASTS is funded by the Scottish Funding Council (grant reference HR09011) and contributing institutions. FV and fieldwork at the Azores were supported by ONR grants N00014-15-1-2341 and N00014-17-1-2715 and by the Dutch Research Council (award number 016.Veni.181.086). NAS, PA and JA were funded for writing this paper by Ramon y Cajal, Agustín de Bethencourt and FPU grants from the Spanish Ministry and Cabildo de Tenerife, respectively. ; Fear of predation can induce profound changes in the behaviour and physiology of prey species even if predator encounters are infrequent. For echolocating toothed whales, the use of sound to forage exposes them to detection by eavesdropping predators, but while some species exploit social defences or produce cryptic acoustic signals, deep-diving beaked whales, well known for mass-strandings induced by navy sonar, seem enigmatically defenceless against their main predator, killer whales. Here we test the hypothesis that the stereotyped group diving and vocal behaviour of beaked whales has benefits for abatement of predation risk and thus could have been driven by fear of predation over evolutionary time. Biologging data from 14 Blainville's and 12 Cuvier's beaked whales show that group members have an extreme synchronicity, overlapping vocal foraging time by 98% despite hunting individually, thereby reducing group temporal availability for acoustic detection by killer whales to <25%. Groups also perform a coordinated silent ascent in an unpredictable direction, covering a mean of 1 km horizontal distance from their last vocal position. This tactic sacrifices 35% of foraging time but reduces by an order of magnitude the risk of interception by killer whales. These predator abatement behaviours have likely served beaked whales over millions of years, but may become maladaptive by playing a role in mass strandings induced by man-made predator-like sonar sounds. ; Publisher PDF ; Peer reviewed