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The judicial syllogism represents one of the most significant and widely accepted applications of logic in the field of law. Alongside the legislative syllogism, it is a part of the broader conceptual framework commonly referred to as the legal syllogism. This logical structure is classified as a type of mediate deductive inference, which proceeds from general to particular statements - a reasoning process traditionally associated with the dictum de omni principle. Although intuitive and traditionally accepted for offering the proper structure for the application of law, the judicial syllogism is inherently static due to its foundation in classical mediate deductive reasoning. It does not accommodate the dynamic nature of judicial processes, where addressing quaestio juris and quaestio facti may modify the premises, thereby altering the conclusions. Therefore, this article intends to analyse the classical types of mediate deductive inferences, the static nature of the judicial syllogism and the shortcomings of this monotonic type of logic where the conclusion does not change once it is derived. After analysing the points in the construction of the judicial syllogism, the article also proposes a way of integrating non-monotonic logic in the elaboration of the judicial syllogism in order to capture the actual dynamic of judiciary processes of applying law to particular cases, without altering the overall structure of the judicial syllogism. The operationalization of this theoretical framework could be of practical relevance in developing computational tools, especially in AI applications.

This open access book is the first ever collection of Karl Popper's writings on deductive logic. Karl R. Popper (1902-1994) was one of the most influential philosophers of the 20th century. His philosophy of science ("falsificationism") and his social and political philosophy ("open society") have been widely discussed way beyond academic philosophy. What is not so well known is that Popper also produced a considerable work on the foundations of deductive logic, most of it published at the end of the 1940s as articles at scattered places. This little-known work deserves to be known better, as it is highly significant for modern proof-theoretic semantics. This collection assembles Popper's published writings on deductive logic in a single volume, together with all reviews of these papers. It also contains a large amount of unpublished material from the Popper Archives, including Popper's correspondence related to deductive logic and manuscripts that were (almost) finished, but did not reach the publication stage. All of these items are critically edited with additional comments by the editors. A general introduction puts Popper's work into the context of current discussions on the foundations of logic. This book should be of interest to logicians, philosophers, and anybody concerned with Popper's work.

We propose a more explicit role for abductive reasoning, or the development of initial explanation, in hypothetico-deductive (H-D) inquiry. We begin by describing the roots of abduction in pragmatism and its role in exploration and discovery. Recognizing that pragmatism treats abductive reasoning as inevitable, we argue that it can also be a deliberate form of reasoning in scientific inquiry, articulating the unique place it can have in hypothetico-deductive theorizing. We explain the opportunities from surfacing abductive reasoning in H-D where it already exists; from explicitly acknowledging abductive reasoning as a complement in building logical chains in H-D; and from using abductive reasoning as a substitute for H-D logic when a body of knowledge exhibits inconsistent, contradictory, or discrepant results. We elaborate strategies for data search and selection, data production and compilation, and analytical corroboration. Our overall argument is that the deliberate use of abductive reasoning in hypothetico-deductive projects has distinct advantages stemming from an explicitly tight connection between data and theory. We end by explaining the benefits of actively recognizing the role of abductive reasoning in organizational and management theorizing.The article was written and prepared by the U.S. goverenment employee(s) on official time and is therefore in the public domain.

This article provides an investigation of the conventional logic of inference that underlies the search for a causal explanation of social and political behaviour, including state behaviour, in world politics. It proposes an alternative reasoning strategy which can complement the traditional (inductive and deductive) logic of inference. In addition, the article enters into a discussion of how the proposed alternative can make theoretical contributions to obtaining a better understanding of the complex reality of world politics.

This open access book is a superb collection of some fifteen chapters inspired by Schroeder-Heister's groundbreaking work, written by leading experts in the field, plus an extensive autobiography and comments on the various contributions by Schroeder-Heister himself. For several decades, Peter Schroeder-Heister has been a central figure in proof-theoretic semantics, a field of study situated at the interface of logic, theoretical computer science, natural-language semantics, and the philosophy of language. The chapters of which this book is composed discuss the subject from a rich variety of angles, including the history of logic, the proper interpretation of logical validity, natural deduction rules, the notions of harmony and of synonymy, the structure of proofs, the logical status of equality, intentional phenomena, and the proof theory of second-order arithmetic. All chapters relate directly to questions that have driven Schroeder-Heister's own research agenda and to which he has made seminal contributions. The extensive autobiographical chapter not only provides a fascinating overview of Schroeder-Heister's career and the evolution of his academic interests but also constitutes a contribution to the recent history of logic in its own right, painting an intriguing picture of the philosophical, logical, and mathematical institutional landscape in Germany and elsewhere since the early 1970s. The papers collected in this book are illuminatingly put into a unified perspective by Schroeder-Heister's comments at the end of the book. Both graduate students and established researchers in the field will find this book an excellent resource for future work in proof-theoretic semantics and related areas.

This paper is a first attempt to classify 30 OECD healthcare systems according to a typology developed by Rothgang et al. (2005) and elaborated by Wendt et al. (2009). The typology follows a deductive approach. It distinguishes three core dimensions of the healthcare system: regulation, financing, and service provision. Moreover, three types of actors are identified based on long-standing concepts in social research: the state, societal actors, and market participants. Uniform or ideal-type combinations unfold if all dimensions are dominated by the same actor, either belonging to the state, society, or the market. Further, we argue, there is a hierarchical relationship between the dimensions of the healthcare system, led by regulation, followed by financing, and last service provision, where the superior dimension restricts the nature of the subordinate dimensions. This hierarchy limits the number of theoretically plausible healthcare system types within the logic of the deductive typology. The classification of 30 countries according to their most recent institutional setting results in five healthcare system types: the National Health Service, the National Health Insurance, the Social Health Insurance, the Etatist Social Health Insurance, and the Private Health System. Of particular relevance are the National Health Insurance and the Etatist Social Health Insurance both of which include countries that have often provoked caveats when allocated to a specific family of healthcare systems. Moreover, Slovenia stands out as a special case. The findings are discussed with respect to alternative taxonomies, explanatory factors for the position of single countries and most likely trends.

Rust is a fairly recent programming language for system programming, bringing static guarantees of memory safety through a strong ownership policy. This feature opens promising advances for deductive verification of Rust code, which aims at proving the conformity of some code with respect to a specification of its intended behavior. In this report we present Creusot, a tool for the formal specification and deductive verification of Rust programs. There are two main original features in the approach implemented in Creusot. First, Creusot's specification language features a notion of prophecies, which is central for the specification of behavior of programs performing memory mutation. Prophecies also permit efficient automated reasoning for verifying about such programs.Rust provides advanced abstraction features based on a notion of traits, extensively used in the standard library and in user code. The support for traits is the second main feature of Creusot, because it is at the heart of its approach, in particular for providing complex abstraction of the functional behavior of programs. ; Rust est un langage de programmation relativement récent pour la programmation système, apportant des garanties statiques de sûreté des accès mémoire à travers une politique rigoureuse d'ownership. Cette approche ouvre une voie prometteuse pour la vérification déductive de code Rust, qui vise à prouver la conformité d'un code vis-à-vis d'une spécification de son comportement prévu. Dans ce rapport nous présentons CREUSOT, un outil pour la spécification formelle et la vérification déductive de programmes Rust.L'approche mise en œuvre dans CREUSOT s'appuie sur deux caractéristiques originales. Premièrement, le langage de spécification de CREUSOT fournit une notion de prophétie, qui est centrale pour la spécification du comportement des programmes effectuant des modifications en place de la mémoire. Les prophéties permettent aussi un raisonnement automatisé efficace pour vérifier ces programmes.Rust fournit des fonctionnalités ...

Rust is a fairly recent programming language for system programming, bringing static guarantees of memory safety through a strong ownership policy. This feature opens promising advances for deductive verification of Rust code, which aims at proving the conformity of some code with respect to a specification of its intended behavior. In this report we present Creusot, a tool for the formal specification and deductive verification of Rust programs. There are two main original features in the approach implemented in Creusot. First, Creusot's specification language features a notion of prophecies, which is central for the specification of behavior of programs performing memory mutation. Prophecies also permit efficient automated reasoning for verifying about such programs.Rust provides advanced abstraction features based on a notion of traits, extensively used in the standard library and in user code. The support for traits is the second main feature of Creusot, because it is at the heart of its approach, in particular for providing complex abstraction of the functional behavior of programs. ; Rust est un langage de programmation relativement récent pour la programmation système, apportant des garanties statiques de sûreté des accès mémoire à travers une politique rigoureuse d'ownership. Cette approche ouvre une voie prometteuse pour la vérification déductive de code Rust, qui vise à prouver la conformité d'un code vis-à-vis d'une spécification de son comportement prévu. Dans ce rapport nous présentons CREUSOT, un outil pour la spécification formelle et la vérification déductive de programmes Rust.L'approche mise en œuvre dans CREUSOT s'appuie sur deux caractéristiques originales. Premièrement, le langage de spécification de CREUSOT fournit une notion de prophétie, qui est centrale pour la spécification du comportement des programmes effectuant des modifications en place de la mémoire. Les prophéties permettent aussi un raisonnement automatisé efficace pour vérifier ces programmes.Rust fournit des fonctionnalités ...