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This paper explored changing social behaviors of the service beneficiaries in drinking water supply schemes. The study included five most accepted types of water schemes like; overhead tank system, shallow tube well system, gravity system, rainwater harvesting and water lifting system. Intrinsic case study methodology was applied to evaluate eleven drinking water project of western region of the country. Field observation, focus group discussion, and key informant interview methods were deployed during collecting information. This study found that all the drinking water schemes are running presently with big social and cultural issues. Beneficiaries are changing their behaviour while getting drinking water services offering by government and non-government mechanism. As so far, for natural and effective use of drinking water schemes it is inevitable to change social stigma and cultural attitude of the local people. Finally, this study reveals the importance of social analysis during drinking water project formulation stage so that issues of changing social behaviour of the beneficiaries can be addressed. Nepalese Journal of Development and Rural StudiesVol. 14 (Joint issue) (1&2), 2017, Page: 80-85

Testimony issued by the Government Accountability Office with an abstract that begins "The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (Recovery Act) included $4 billion for the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Clean Water State Revolving Fund (SRF) and $2 billion for the agency's Drinking Water SRF. This testimony is based on GAO's ongoing review of clean and drinking water projects. It provides preliminary observations on (1) the status and use of Recovery Act SRF program funds nationwide and in nine selected states, (2) jobs funded by the Recovery Act SRF programs and federal and state efforts to oversee the programs, and (3) challenges, if any, that states have faced in implementing Recovery Act requirements. For this ongoing work, GAO is, among other things, obtaining and analyzing EPA nationwide data on the status of Recovery Act clean and drinking water funds and projects, as well as information from a nonprobability sample of nine states that it had not reviewed in previous bimonthly reports. These states represent all but one of EPA's 10 regions. GAO is also interviewing EPA and state officials about their experiences with the Recovery Act clean and drinking water funds"

The Sunnyside drinking water project is a university-community partnership between researchers at the Environmental Policy Institute- Grenfell Campus and municipal leaders of the Town of Sunnyside. This project explores the persistent drinking water-related challenges facing Sunnyside, eastern Newfoundland and Labrador (NL), primarily through the viewpoint of local residents. These challenges include: threats to source water; effective water treatment, disinfection and distribution, including dealing with high levels of disinfectant by-products (DBPs) as a result of their current disinfection system; and developing strategies for addressing these issues. Many rural municipalities in Newfoundland and Labrador face similar issues, which present a challenge to municipalities in ensuring residents access to clean, safe drinking water. This report is structured through five main parts: 1. Introduction: Community profile, project rationale and methodology; 2. Sunnyside drinking water survey report: Analysis and discussion of the drinking water survey conducted in Sunnyside during the fall of 2014; 3. Chlorinated disinfectant by-products and drinking water in Sunnyside: Literature review and discussion of the potential health impacts posed by DBPs in publically supplied water systems, policy responses and alternative technologies; 4. Community Water Forum: Discussion of the results of the Community Water Forum presentations, which took place in Sunnyside in May 2015, and; 5. Policy recommendations: Concluding thoughts and policy recommendations. One issue that frequently arose over the course of the project is the lack of regulatory emphasis placed on federal water quality guidelines related to DBPs in NL. Arriving at an enforceable level, however, would require consideration of feasible technological solutions and/or significant increases in provincial investment into the water treatment systems of hundreds of small rural communities with high levels of DBPs. Until such time, increased public health education and support is needed for municipal leaders and the public at large. Thus, our main policy recommendation for the Government of NL is to develop and support a multi-faceted education campaign around the potential health impacts of DBPs, the role of chlorination in publicly supplied drinking water, and solutions and alternatives available in preventing and/or mitigating DBP impacts. Education (and research) is also needed on the environmental and social impacts of bottled water in the province, currently the most common drinking water source for Sunnyside residents. DBPs are a collective responsibility shared by residents, municipal and senior levels of government. Municipal governments share in the responsibility of educating their residents about the impacts of both DBPs and bottled water. Home-treatment technologies also offer an alternative for residents in reducing DBP exposure, particularly in the short-term. We are cautious in recommending this as a long-term solution due to issues of affordability and social equity, the need for proper maintenance, and difficulties finding appropriate systems. In general, we argue that it is the responsibility of public institutions (i.e. the government) to ensure that the appropriate water systems are in place to deliver safe drinking water to residents.

The concern over the entry of agrochemicals and other xenobiotics into drinking water resources and over the general quality of drinking water is increasing. The topic of water quality and water supply will continue to be of great interest during the next two decades in developed as well as in developing countries. The new volume discusses in an authoritative way the key issues of drinking water and its often necessary treatment

Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- Concentrations of Lead and Other Inorganic Constituents in Samples of Raw Intake and Treated Drinking Water From the Municipal Water Filtration Plant and Residential Tapwater in Chicago, Illinois, and East Chicago, Indiana, July-December 2017* -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Background -- Purpose and Scope -- Methods -- Sampling Site Selection -- Sampling Methods -- Analytical Methods -- National Water Quality Laboratory -- Redox Chemistry Laboratory -- Quality Assurance/Quality Control -- Results -- Chicago and East Chicago Water Filtration Plant Sampling -- Chicago Area Tapwater Sampling -- Discussion -- EPA Guidance on Reducing Pb Exposure in Home Drinking Water -- Conversion Factors -- Data -- Supplemental Information -- References -- Chapter 2 -- Drinking Water Health Standards Comparison and Chemical Analysis of Groundwater for 72 Domestic Wells in Bradford County, Pennsylvania, 2016( -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Purpose and Scope -- Description of Study Area -- Study Methods -- Selection of Sampling Locations -- Collection and Analysis of Samples -- Graphical and Statistical Analyses -- Quality Assurance and Quality Control -- Groundwater Quality and Comparison to Drinking Water Health Standards -- Physical and Chemical Properties -- Major Ions -- Nutrients -- Bacteria -- Metals and Trace Elements -- Radionuclides -- Dissolved Methane and Other Naturally Occurring Hydrocarbon Gases -- Man-Made Organic Compounds -- Chemical Analysis and Relations among Constituents in Groundwater -- Conceptual Hydrogeochemical Model -- Relations among pH, Specific Conductance, and Constituent Concentrations -- Ionic Contributions to Conductivity and Total Dissolved Solids -- Correlations among Major and Trace Constituents in Groundwater.

Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Acknowledgements -- Authors -- List of figures -- List of tables -- 1 Properties of water -- 2 London drinking: historical transformations of water -- 3 Configuring bottled water in Europe -- 4 Divided Delhi: bricolage water economies and sustainability crises -- 5 Mexico City: up in the sky without a river -- 6 Taiwan water: little island, waves of power -- 7 Water variations -- Bibliography -- Index.

The provision of safe drinking water (DW) is a top priority issue in any civilized society. Safe DW is a basic need to human development, health and well-being. The main challenge to the DW industry is to deliver a product that is microbiologically and chemically safe, aesthetically pleasing and adequate in quantity and delivery pressure. Normally, the water that leaves a treatment station has quality, but its quality decreases along the travel in the drinking water distribution systems (DWDS). Water industries and governments over the world are working together in order to improve DW quality through the effective treatment, monitoring of its physicochemical and microbiological properties, and the design and the operational management of the distribution networks. Although DW is strictly monitored in developed countries, waterborne outbreaks are still being reported due to microbial contamination. Biofilms contribute notoriously to these events, creating a protective and nutritional reservoir for pathogens growth and survival. Nevertheless, the dynamics of microbial growth in DW networks is very complex, as a large number of interacting processes (physicochemical and biological) are involved. DW biofilms constitute one of the major microbial problems in DWDS that most contributes to the deterioration of water quality. Although biofilm elimination from DWDS is almost impossible, several aspects can be manipulated in order to prevent and control their growth. This book chapter provides a contribution to better understand the important biological and ecological mechanisms involved in biofilm formation in DWDS, with intent to control and prevent their formation, in order to improve DW quality that reaches to consumer's ...

Arsenic in Drinking Water -- Copyright -- Other Reports of the Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology -- Preface -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- THE CHARGE TO THE SUBCOMMITTEE -- THE SUBCOMMITTEE'S APPROACH TO ITS CHARGE -- THE SUBCOMMITTEE'S EVALUATION -- Health Effects -- Recommendations -- Disposition (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion) -- Recommendations -- Mechanism or Mode of Action -- Recommendations -- Variation in Human Sensitivity -- Recommendations -- Other Considerations -- Recommendations -- RISK CHARACTERIZATION -- Recommendations -- 1 Introduction -- BACKGROUND -- SCIENTIFIC CONTROVERSIES -- ORGANIZATION OF THIS REPORT -- REFERENCES -- 2 The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's 1988 Risk Assessment for Arsenic -- OVERVIEW OF THE EPA 1988 SPECIAL REPORT -- Hazard Identification -- Dose-Response Assessment -- Nutritional Essentiality -- EPA'S 1988 RISK ASSESSMENT: 10 YEARS LATER -- Data Limitations -- Estimating Risk in the United States -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- 3 Chemistry and Analysis of Arsenic Species in Water, Food, Urine, Blood, Hair, and Nails -- SUMMARY OF ARSENIC COMPOUNDS IN WATER AND FOOD -- RELEVANT CHEMICAL CONSIDERATIONS -- Is Arsenic Similar to Phosphorus? -- Affinity Of Arsenic For Sulfur -- Biomethylation of Arsenic -- Some Geo-chemical Considerations: Absorption and Redox -- Microbial Activity and Arsenic Mobilization -- Free Radical and Peroxy Species -- ANALYSIS OF ARSENIC COMPOUNDS -- Hydride Generation with Speciation -- Hidden Arsenic Species -- Arsenic(III) Species -- Chromatographic Separation of Involatile Arsenic Species -- Mass Spectrometry for Arsenic Speciation -- ARSENIC IN WATER -- Arsenic in Groundwater -- Arsenic in Fresh Surface Water -- Arsenic in Estuarine Water -- Practical Quantification Level for Arsenic in Drinking Water -- ARSENIC IN FOOD.