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Background To date, no study has estimated the dollar value of DALYs lost from a wide range of diseases and conditions in South Africa. The specific objectives of this study were: (a) to estimate the dollar value of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) lost in South Africa in 2019, and (b) to forecast the reductions in the dollar value of DALY losses assuming the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 3 (SDG3) five disease-specific targets are attained by 2030. Methods The study employs the human capital approach to convert the DALYs lost from all causes into their International Dollar (Int$) equivalents. The DALYs data used in the analysis was from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) Database, per capita GDP data from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) Database, and current health expenditure per person from the Global Health Expenditure Database of the World Health Organization (WHO). Results South Africa lost 26.6 million DALYs in 2019 with a total value of Int$ 313.5 billion and an average value of Int$ 11,791.6 per DALY. Approximately Int$ 155.6 billion (50%) was attributed to communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases (CMNND); Int$ 120.4 billion (38%) to non-communicable diseases (NCD); and Int$ 37.4 billion (12%) to injuries (INJ). The health conditions related to SDG3 targets 3.1 (maternal mortality), 3.2 (neonatal mortality), 3.3 (CMNND), 3.4 (NCD) and 3.6 (INJ) resulted in DALY losses with a value of 256.4 billion, i.e. 82% of the total monetary value of DALYs lost in 2019. Therefore, achieving the five SDG targets would potentially save South Africa Int$ 139.7 billion per year. Conclusions Health development policy-makers should employ this type of evidence when making a case for increased investments into the national health-related systems to bridge the extant gap in the universal health service coverage index for South Africa.

This study used age specific Infection Fatality Rate (IFR) from China to make projections of possible deaths for Pakistan with and without social distancing. The difference between deaths with and without social distancing is the number of lives saved by the social distancing. Further, the study calculated the dollar value of saved lives using the Value of Statistical Life (VSL) method. Estimates show that the number of deaths in Pakistan without social distancing, including lockdown, would reach to 856528. Moderate lockdown, as practiced in Pakistan, may have saved 428264 lives. However, still, more than four hundred thousand lives can be at risk. The dollar value of saved lives can be somewhere between US$ 37.89 billion to US$ 129.81 billion for moderate social distancing and between US$ 68.21 billion to US$ 233.66 billion for strict lockdown depending upon the different VSL. We, therefore, recommend provincial governments in general and federal government in particular to take measures to ensure higher degree of social distancing immediately, otherwise the spread of infection and fatalities may increase exponentially.

The uncertainty of the condition of the world economy is currently making the community needs to know for certain investment instruments to suit the needs of that is stable, secure and can also be used to speculate. This is very useful in ensuring financial life in the future. This uncertainty can be either in the above-mentioned United States Central Bank interest rates that could affect interest rates on Bank Indonesia and political crises that impact to the economy of Indonesia.This research aims to knowingand analyze the development of thegold, stocks and the dollar value of the fluctuations in the rupiah and analyzing variables of a more stable and secure between gold, stocks and the dollar on Indonesia. Types of data used in this study uses secondary data which consists of data for time (time series) 2000-2016. Methods of documentation and models in this study i.e., the calculation of the coefficient of variation.Results from the documentation that researchers have acquired that of the three variables, namely gold, stocks and the dollar, there is a difference of a motif in gold buy it as a precaution because the price is stable, stocks as a means to speculate because it aims to obtain an advantage, and the dollar as a tool to Transact due in international trade are still using the dollar for import and export. Calculation of the coefficient of variation through get results that the value of the dollar which has the most variation is small it is shown that the price of the dollar which has no big price development compared to gold and stocks. This is due to the growing demand for the dollar and a lack of demand for the value of the rupiah, causing the value of the dollar strengthened. Keywords: Gold stock fluctuations, fluctuations, fluctuation of the dollar

This research aims at exploring political as well as economic positioning strategies, which would allow Southern countries (Latin America, Africa and Asia) to learn and analyse the past and present situation of the world economic system and its potential risks in order to find a possible counter-hegemony alternative. ; Objetive US Dollar Hegemonic Role and South Countries Surrealistic Economy World Economic System Stress Petrodollars vs. Petroeuro The importance of a different approach Own Think-Tanks Being Aware Bibliography