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Publisher's version (útgefin grein) ; Epigenetic processes, including DNA methylation (DNAm), are among the mechanisms allowing integration of genetic and environmental factors to shape cellular function. While many studies have investigated either environmental or genetic contributions to DNAm, few have assessed their integrated effects. Here we examine the relative contributions of prenatal environmental factors and genotype on DNA methylation in neonatal blood at variably methylated regions (VMRs) in 4 independent cohorts (overall n = 2365). We use Akaike's information criterion to test which factors best explain variability of methylation in the cohort-specific VMRs: several prenatal environmental factors (E), genotypes in cis (G), or their additive (G + E) or interaction (GxE) effects. Genetic and environmental factors in combination best explain DNAm at the majority of VMRs. The CpGs best explained by either G, G + E or GxE are functionally distinct. The enrichment of genetic variants from GxE models in GWAS for complex disorders supports their importance for disease risk. ; We want to thank Susanne Sauer and Maik Ködel for their technical assistance and Jessica Keverne for language editing. We thank all mothers who took part in the on-going PREDO study. We are grateful to all the families in Norway who participate in the on-going MoBa cohort study. We thank the Drakenstein Child Health Study staff, and the clinical and administrative staff of the Western Cape Government Department of Health at Paarl Hospital and at the clinics for support of the Study. We also thank our collaborators and students. Finally, we thank all mothers and children enroled in the Drakenstein Child Health Study. We thank the research participants and employees of 23andMe, Inc. for their contribution to this study. This work was supported by the Academy of Finland (E.K., H.L., K.R., and J.L.); University of Helsinki Research Funds (J.L., M.L.P., and H.L.), British Heart Foundation (RMR); Tommy's (RMR); European Commission (EK, KR, Horizon 2020 Award SC1–2016-RTD-733280 RECAP); NorFace DIAL (E.K., KR PremLife); Foundation for Pediatric Research (E.K.); Juho Vainio Foundation (E.K.); Novo Nordisk Foundation (E.K.); Signe and Ane Gyllenberg Foundation (E.K., K.R.); Sigrid Jusélius Foundation (E.K.); Finnish Medical Foundation (H.L.); Jane and Aatos Erkko Foundation (H.L.); Päivikki and Sakari Sohlberg Foundation (H.L., P.M.V.); the Clinical Graduate school in Pediatrics and Obstetrics/Gynaecology in University of Helsinki (P.M.V.). The Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study is supported by the Norwegian Ministry of Health and Care Services and the Ministry of Education and Research, NIH/NIEHS (contract no N01-ES-75558), NIH/NINDS (grant no.1 UO1 NS 047537–01 and grant no.2 UO1 NS 047537–06A1). For this work, MoBa 1 and 2 were supported by the Intramural Research Program of the NIH, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (Z01-ES-49019) and the Norwegian Research Council/BIOBANK (grant no 221097). This work was also partly supported by the Research Council of Norway through its Centres of Excellence funding scheme, project number 262700. The Drakenstein Child Health Study is supported by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP 1017641); with additional support for this work from the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development of the National Institutes of Health (NICHD) under Award Number R21HD085849; and the Fogarty International Center (FIC). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. Additional support for H.J.Z., D.J.S. and N.K., and for research reported in this publication was by the South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC); N.K. receives support from the SAMRC under a Self-Initiated Research Grant. The views and opinions expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the SAMRC. This work was also funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research through the Research Consortium Integrated Network IntegraMent (grant 01ZX1314H) under the auspices of the e:Med Programme (NSM). The UCI cohort was supported by a European Research Area Network (ERA Net) Neuron grant (01EW1407A, CB) and National Institutes of Health grant (R01 HD-060628, CB) as well as NIH grant R01 MH-105538 (PDW). This work was also funded by the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Child and Brain Development Program, Toronto, ON, Canada (KJOD). ; Peer Reviewed

Taxa in the genus Melanelia (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota) belong to a group of saxicolous lichens with brown to black foliose thalli, which have recently undergone extensive changes in circumscription. Taxa belonging to Parmeliaceae are prolific producers of bioactive compounds, which have also been traditionally used for chemotaxonomic purposes. However, the chemical diversity of the genus Melanelia and the use of chemical data for species discrimination in this genus are largely unexplored. In addition, identification based on morphological characters is challenging due to few taxonomically informative characters. Molecular identification methods, such as DNA barcoding, have rarely been applied to this genus. This study aimed to identify the Melanelia species from Iceland using DNA barcoding approach, and to explore their chemical diversity using chemical profiling. Chemometric tools were used to see if lichen metabolite profiles determined by LC-MS could be used for the identification of Icelandic Melanelia species. Barcoding using the fungal nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region (nrITS) successfully identified three Melalenlia species occurring in Iceland, together with Montanelia disjuncta (Basionym: Melanelia disjuncta). All species formed monophyletic clades in the neighbor-joining nrITS gene tree. However, high intraspecific genetic distance of M. stygia suggests the potential of unrecognized species lineages. Principal component analysis (PCA) of metabolite data gave a holistic overview showing that M. hepatizon and M. disjuncta were distinct from the rest, without the power to separate M. agnata and M. stygia due to their chemical similarity. Orthogonal partial least–squares to latent structures–discriminate analysis (OPLS-DA), however, successfully distinguished M. agnata and M. stygia by identifying statistically significant metabolites, which lead to class differentiation. This work has demonstrated the potential of DNA barcoding, chemical profiling and chemometrics in identification of Melanelia species. ; The study was financially supported by the People Programme (Marie Curie Actions) of the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme FP7/2007-2013/ under REA grant agreement No. 606895 (http://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/109122_en.html) as well as a minor contribution from Bergthora and Thorsteinn Scheving Thorsteinsson Fund. The funders provided support in the form of salaries for author [MX], but did not have any additional role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The specific roles of this author is articulated in the 'author contributions' section. The commercial affiliation Arctic Mass has no financial or competing interests in this study but two of the authors MT and FFE are partially affiliated there. Arctic Mass had the role of providing access to instruments (mass spectrometers) used in the study. ; Peer Reviewed

Þjónandi forysta er hugmyndafræði sem varpar nýju ljósi á kenningar í stjórnunar- og leiðtogafræðum. Einstakar áherslur hennar eru þjónusta með siðfræði og ábyrgð sem grunnstoðir og hagsmuni heildar framar þrengri hagsmunum. Upphafsmaður hugmyndafræðinnar er Robert K. Greenleaf. Helstu einkenni þjónandi leiðtoga er einlægur áhugi á högum annarra, innri styrkur og framtíðarsýn. Rannsóknum um efnið hefur fjölgað undanfarin ár og sýna niðurstöður að hugmyndafræðin hefur jákvæð áhrif á samfélagslega ábyrgð fyrirtækja og árangur þeirra, líðan starfsfólks og traust í samskiptum. Samkvæmt niðurstöðum nýrra rannsókna á hugmyndafræðin ríkt erindi í íslensku samfélagi. Til að kanna þetta nánar voru gerðar átta kannanir á mismunandi vinnustöðum hér á landi á árunum 2008 – 2012. Viðhorf starfsfólks til þjónandi forystu næsta yfirmanns voru metin með nýju hollensku mælitæki, SLS. Starfsánægja var metin og könnuð tengsl hennar við mat starfsfólks á þjónandi forystu. Birtar eru helstu niðurstöður sem sýna að starfsfólk metur þjónandi forystu almennt all nokkra og mesta vægi fá þættirnir efling og ábyrgð í fari næsta yfirmanns. Starfsánægja var almennt mikil og var marktækt tengd þjónandi forystu og samræmist það erlendum niðurstöðum. Jákvæðar niðurstöður íslensku kannananna gefa fyrirheit um árangursríka stjórnunarhætti á vinnustöðum hér á landi en unnið er að frekari rýni og samanburði við erlendar niðurstöður.

Publisher's version (útgefin grein) ; Genomes are dynamic biological units, with processes of gene duplication and loss triggering evolutionary novelty. The mammalian skin provides a remarkable case study on the occurrence of adaptive morphological innovations. Skin sebaceous glands (SGs), for instance, emerged in the ancestor of mammals serving pivotal roles, such as lubrication, waterproofing, immunity, and thermoregulation, through the secretion of sebum, a complex mixture of various neutral lipids such as triacylglycerol, free fatty acids, wax esters, cholesterol, and squalene. Remarkably, SGs are absent in a few mammalian lineages, including the iconic Cetacea. We investigated the evolution of the key molecular components responsible for skin sebum production: Dgat2l6, Awat1, Awat2, Elovl3, Mogat3, and Fabp9. We show that all analyzed genes have been rendered nonfunctional in Cetacea species (toothed and baleen whales). Transcriptomic analysis, including a novel skin transcriptome from blue whale, supports gene inactivation. The conserved mutational pattern found in most analyzed genes, indicates that pseudogenization events took place prior to the diversification of modern Cetacea lineages. Genome and skin transcriptome analysis of the common hippopotamus highlighted the convergent loss of a subset of sebum-producing genes, notably Awat1 and Mogat3. Partial loss profiles were also detected in non-Cetacea aquatic mammals, such as the Florida manatee, and in terrestrial mammals displaying specialized skin phenotypes such as the African elephant, white rhinoceros and pig. Our findings reveal a unique landscape of "gene vestiges" in the Cetacea sebum-producing compartment, with limited gene loss observed in other mammalian lineages: suggestive of specific adaptations or specializations of skin lipids. ; This work was supported by Project No. 031342 cofinanced by COMPETE 2020, Portugal 2020 and the European Union through the ERDF, and by Fundac¸a~o para a Cie^ncia e a Tecnologia through national funds. R.R.F. thanks the Danish National Research Foundation for its support of the Center for Macroecology, Evolution, and Climate (grant DNRF96). We acknowledge the various Cetacea genome consortiums for genome sequencing and assemblies. We also thank Gısli Vikingsson at the Marine and Freshwater Research Institute in Iceland for lending us the Larsen gun and to North Sailing whale watching for the use of their zodiac. ; Peer Reviewed

Í skýrslunni er gerð grein fyrir helstu rannsóknum sem gerðar hafa verið á breytingum á áfengiseinkasölu og aðgengi áfengis. Rannsóknir á breyttu fyrirkomulagi áfengissölu eru flestar frá Norður-Ameríku og Norðurlöndunum. Nær allar rannsóknirnar sýna að í kjölfar einkavæðingar á áfengissölu hefur áfengisneysla aukist. Ennfremur er greint frá rannsóknum á breytingum á áfengissköttum, sem leiða í ljós að lækkun þeirra eykur áfengisneyslu og tjón af völdum áfengis. Stuttlega er fjallað um rannsóknir á áfengiskaupaaldri, á reglum um áfengisauglýsingar og viðvörunarmerkingar á áfengi. Til þess að setja þessa þætti áfengisstefnunnar í víðara samhengi er gerð grein fyrir norrænu samstarfi um áfengismál á alþjóðlegum vettvangi og stöðu áfengismála hjá Alþjóðaheilbrigðismálastofnuninni og Evrópusambandinu. Greint er frá því að innan Alþjóðaheilbrigðismálastofnunarinnar er stefnt að samþykkt um áfengismál, sem verði baráttutæki gegn áfengisvandamálum. Þá er sagt frá stefnuskjali Evrópusambandsins og stofnun The European Alcohol and Health Forum, sem innan tíðar mun leggja fram aðgerðaáætlun til þess að vernda íbúa Evrópu gegn skaðlegri neyslu áfengis.

Eins og ráða má af titli greinarinnar er meginmarkmið hennar að sýna hvernig nýjar og nýlegar rannsóknir á stafrænu málsambýli íslensku og ensku varpa ljósi á meginþræði íslenskrar málstefnu. Byggt er á kenningu Bernards Spolskys um að málstefna sé reist á þremur samtengdum en þó sjálfstæðum meginþáttum, þ.e. málhegðun, málviðhorfum og málstýringu. Enda þótt aðeins tveir fyrstnefndu þættirnir hafi beinlínis verið til skoðunar í rannsóknarverkefninu "Greining á málfræðilegum afleiðingum stafræns málsambýlis" nýtast rannsóknirnar einnig þegar kemur að þeim síðastnefnda, miðað við þá forsendu Spolskys að málstýring sé ekki raunhæf nema hún byggist á tiltækri þekkingu á málhegðun og málviðhorfum. Í greininni er því haldið fram að innbyrðis samband þáttanna þriggja birtist meðal annars glöggt í íslenskri málstefnu nú á allra síðustu árum þegar kemur að tengslum málviðhorfa við þá undirtegund málstýringar sem nefnd hefur verið virðingarstýring (Harald Haarmann kynnti þetta hugtak til sögunnar í málræktarfræði). Í nýlegum málstýringarskjölum

Alþingis og stjórnvalda er veruleg áhersla lögð á mikilvægi (jákvæðra) viðhorfa og má túlka það sem skýrt ákall um eða viðleitni til virðingarstýringar, og er þá gengið út frá því að virðing geti haft áhrif á málhegðun. Þannig koma hér við sögu allar meginstoðir málstefnu samkvæmt líkani Spolskys, þ.e. málhegðun, málviðhorf og málstýring, og þar eiga rannsóknirnar á stafrænu tungumálasambýli á Íslandi alls staðar erindi.

Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- DNA -- INSPIRATION FOR THE VIRTUES & -- VICES SERIES -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT -- Chapter 1 -- Chapter 2 -- Chapter 3 -- Chapter 4 -- Chapter 5 -- Chapter 6 -- Chapter 7 -- Chapter 8 -- Chapter 9 -- Chapter 10 -- Chapter 11 -- Chapter 12 -- Chapter 13 -- Chapter 14 -- Chapter 15 -- Chapter 16 -- Chapter 17 -- Chapter 18 -- Chapter 19 -- Chapter 20 -- Chapter 21 -- Chapter 22 -- Chapter 23 -- Chapter 24 -- Chapter 25 -- Chapter 26 -- Book Club Discussion Questions -- A Note from the Author -- About the Author -- Contact -- Other Books by J.L. Campbell.

Cover -- Contents -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- Chapter 2: How Do Scientists View DNA? -- Chapter 3: Legal History -- Chapter 4: The Beginning of an Era -- Chapter 5: Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and the Nobel Prize -- Chapter 6: Other Uses for DNA Forensics -- Chapter 7: Problems -- Chapter 8: Ethics and Law -- Chapter 9: DNA Collection and Databases -- Chapter 10: The Innocence Project -- Appendix A: Blood Typing Versus DNA -- Appendix B: The Use of Databases -- Bibliography -- About the Authors -- Index -- Adpage -- Backcover.