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Indonesian government issues a policy to ease access to financing for micro, small and medium enterprises by providing guarantee facilities for Credit for Business Program (KUR) delivered by the executing banks. The government has also implemented some relaxation policies such as decreasing interest rate, increasing credit plafond, and providing interest subsidy. There are four indicators of successful KUR program i.e. (1) the amount of KUR distributed, (2) Non Performing Loan (NPL), (3) the number of debtors receiving KUR, and (4) the number of successful graduated debtors. Using Analytical Network Process (ANP). this study figures out an integrated audit model for delivery and guarantee of credit for business program. A network consists of six clusters and 21 nodes is used to describe how its clusters and nodes are influencing each other. Pair comparison quessionnaires were distributed to expert respondents. Processing of input scores from 9 experts results that 5 priority elements by sequence are (1) Graduated Debtor, (2) NPL, (3) Number of Distribution and Guarantee of KUR, (4) Number of Debtor Receiving KUR, and (5) Stakeholders? Commitment of Shared Goals. The priority of audit cooperation for integrated supervision in sequence are (1) Coordinated Audit, (2) Joint Audit, and (3) Parallel Audit. Implementation of the prioritzed strategy is very situational that is depended on which target be prioritized and the actor who will run the audit strategy.

"David Boberski is executive director and head of exchange-traded derivative strategy within Prime Services at UBS Investment Bank. Institutional Investor has named Boberski to its All-American Fixed-Income Research Team for his work in federal agency debt and interest-rate derivatives. This is Boberski's second book"--Provided by publisher

ABSTRACTWhile financial inclusion is the buzzword now, especially in development finance studies, research on the role of credit unions in the financial inclusion debate in the global South is sparse. This study helps to fill this gap by analyzing the role credit unions play in the delivery of financial services to the 'unbankables'. We analyze the strategies used by credit unions to reach the unbankables. We show how credit unions have been able to attract new members and offer a variety of financial services through linkages with informal savings and credit clubs, and by using domestic remittance services to build relationships.

Abstract— The study evaluates the efficiency of cooperative societies in credit delivery to agricultural enterprises in Yakurr Local Government Area, Cross River State. The specific objectives were to; describe the socio-economic profile of cooperatives societies, identify the sources of finance that are available and utilize for credit by cooperative societies, analyze the efficiency of cooperatives using the arrival rate of loan request and the service rate and identify the challenges militating against cooperatives as a means of providing credit facilities to farmers in the study area. random sampling method was used to select 30 Cooperative Societies in the Local Government Area. Data were obtained using well structured questionnaire and were analyzed using descriptive statistics and queue theory. Results from the study showed that most of the cooperatives were formed in 2011 with 16-20 members at inception, which stood currently at 21-40 members. The benefits derived from the society ranges from, provision of input for production, accessibility of loan and marketing of products. The large proportion of the amount disbursed to member's ranges from 11000 - 31000naira. The result revealed that the sources of finance available to members was mainly from members contributions .The result further showed that cooperatives were not effective and efficient in queue management because the average idle time (-0.26) and the average traffic intensity was more than one (1.26). Also, findings showed that insufficient funds for disbursement(3.33), lack of qualified personnel (3.23), insincerity of members in credit management (3.16) and changes in government credit policies (3.16) were serious challenges that affected efficient delivery of credit by cooperative societies to agricultural enterprises in the study area, The study therefore recommended capacity building for cooperative members to enable them adequately source for funds and efficiently manage loan disbursement and repayment by members. Also, relevant government ...

Informal institutional arrangements, permeating both formal and informal housing settlements, allow markets to function in developing countries. Yet their economic, social and policy impacts are largely unexamined. Insights from the new institutional economics literature are used to show the significance of informal institutional arrangements in credit, land markets and infrastructure delivery. The analysis is grounded in the experience of Trinidad and Tobago, with empirical information drawn from fieldwork research done in 1993 and 1997. Research findings show that informal institutions of cooperation (e.g. sou‐sou, CBOs) support transactions by reducing transaction costs, by lowering risk and by providing mechanisms to cope with uncertainty. They are therefore used instead of formal institutions. Policy‐makers should expect intense utilization of such locally designed institutions that use social capital in the process of land and housing market reform in developing countries.Ce sont les arrangements institutionnels informels, organisent l'habitat officiel et officieux, qui donnent aux marchés la possibilité de fonctionner dans les pays en voie de développement. Néanmoins leur impact économique, social et politique n'ont généralement pas été examinés. J'utilise des outils provenant des travaux sur l'économie neo‐institutionaliste pour démontrer la signification des arrangements institutionnels officieux pour le crédit, les marchés agraires et la distribution des infrastructures. L'analyse est basée sur l'expérience de Trinidad et Tobago, et l'information empirique provient d'une recherche de terrain faite entre 1993 et 1997. Les résultats montrent que les institutions officieuses de coopération (par exemple sou‐sou, CBOs) supportent les transactions en réduisant leurs coûts, en abaissant les risques, et en fournissant des mécanismes pour faire face à l'incertitude. Elles sont donc utilisées à la place des institutions officielles. Les politiciens peuvent s'attendre à une utilisation intense de telles institutions désignées localement et qui utilisent le capital social dans le processus de réformes du marché agraire et du logement dans les pays en voie de développement.

Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is a regulating authority for commercial banks. It takes care that consumer interest is not ignored in the greed of making profits by commercial banks. Hence, from time-to-time, it issues guidelines in the form of master circulars to commercial banks on various issues. Commercial banks are required to offer a number of financing products to exporters to meet their varying needs as per RBI guidelines. Exporters can get their finance in Indian rupee or in foreign currency as per their requirements. But as commercial banks are there to make profits, they may not be interested in exporters' awareness of the products giving lesser profits to the banks. Therefore, in the present study, an effort has been made to analyze the awareness level of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) exporters regarding various forms of export finance issued by commercial banks. Findings revealed a low level of awareness regarding various export financing products among SME exporters. Moreover commercial banks are not implementing RBI guidelines regarding export credit.