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Since the middle of the XXth century, the most productive Holstein breed has become the main product exchanged on the international market of breeding animals. The propagation of new technologies of genetic evaluations and breeding has been led by commercial needs marked by complementary logics of importing and exporting countries. This socio-historical analysis argues that the crucial issue for the international trade balance is the commensuration (or the process of making things comparable through a common metric) of national standards of genetic evaluation of marketed sires. Indeed, the product quality is constructed by its comparison and ranking with categories of similar products. While the true product quality is unknown or uncertain in genetics, the commensuration, as both a technical and a social process becomes paramount. The Interbull initiative has been driven from 1970's until now by research of a mean to objectively compare bull breeding values and motivated by the will of European importers to efficiently buy exotic (North-American) Holstein bulls and semen. The long scientific and political negotiations around the biological problem of accounting for "genotype by environment interaction" which was identified as a crucial point for the commensurability of genetic values resulted in the technical solution of the MACE model. A transnational space of commensurability has been formed within the technical infrastructure of Interbull Centre, providing comparable genetic evaluations of bulls, with MACE as a service to countries concerned by international trade of genetic material. Mechanisms of inclusion and exclusion of this technical space of commensurability have shaped those of the international genetic trade. The new technology of genomic evaluations and the market liberalization in the 2000's have destabilized the international commensuration. With a broadened and diversified community of players and with a new issue of genotype data sharing put in the center of technical and political negotiations the genomic selection showed the limits of the existing commensurability. Within this changing context the main challenge remains however the same: find out a new technical mean to take in account the key-point of the international commensurability of genetic values: biological aspect of "genotype by environment interaction". Thus, the Interbull case can help to understand mechanisms of international circulation of technologies for genetic and genomic evaluation through considering of the commensuration as a dynamic process rather than a static finality to come to. This process allows keeping the diversity of standards, to adapt and to re-adapt technical tools to the changing political, biological and technological issues.

International audience ; Since the middle of the XXth century, the most productive Holstein breed has become the main product exchanged on the international market of breeding animals. The propagation of new technologies of genetic evaluations and breeding has been led by commercial needs marked by complementary logics of importing and exporting countries. This socio-historical analysis argues that the crucial issue for the international trade balance is the commensuration (or the process of making things comparable through a common metric) of national standards of genetic evaluation of marketed sires. Indeed, the product quality is constructed by its comparison and ranking with categories of similar products. While the true product quality is unknown or uncertain in genetics, the commensuration, as both a technical and a social process becomes paramount. The Interbull initiative has been driven from 1970's until now by research of a mean to objectively compare bull breeding values and motivated by the will of European importers to efficiently buy exotic (North-American) Holstein bulls and semen. The long scientific and political negotiations around the biological problem of accounting for "genotype by environment interaction" which was identified as a crucial point for the commensurability of genetic values resulted in the technical solution of the MACE model. A transnational space of commensurability has been formed within the technical infrastructure of Interbull Centre, providing comparable genetic evaluations of bulls, with MACE as a service to countries concerned by international trade of genetic material. Mechanisms of inclusion and exclusion of this technical space of commensurability have shaped those of the international genetic trade. The new technology of genomic evaluations and the market liberalization in the 2000's have destabilized the international commensuration. With a broadened and diversified community of players and with a new issue of genotype data sharing put in the center of technical and political negotiations the genomic selection showed the limits of the existing commensurability. Within this changing context the main challenge remains however the same: find out a new technical mean to take in account the key-point of the international commensurability of genetic values: biological aspect of "genotype by environment interaction". Thus, the Interbull case can help to understand mechanisms of international circulation of technologies for genetic and genomic evaluation through considering of the commensuration as a dynamic process rather than a static finality to come to. This process allows keeping the diversity of standards, to adapt and to re-adapt technical tools to the changing political, biological and technological issues.

Since the middle of the XXth century, the most productive Holstein breed has become the main product exchanged on the international market of breeding animals. The propagation of new technologies of genetic evaluations and breeding has been led by commercial needs marked by complementary logics of importing and exporting countries. This socio-historical analysis argues that the crucial issue for the international trade balance is the commensuration (or the process of making things comparable through a common metric) of national standards of genetic evaluation of marketed sires. Indeed, the product quality is constructed by its comparison and ranking with categories of similar products. While the true product quality is unknown or uncertain in genetics, the commensuration, as both a technical and a social process becomes paramount. The Interbull initiative has been driven from 1970's until now by research of a mean to objectively compare bull breeding values and motivated by the will of European importers to efficiently buy exotic (North-American) Holstein bulls and semen. The long scientific and political negotiations around the biological problem of accounting for "genotype by environment interaction" which was identified as a crucial point for the commensurability of genetic values resulted in the technical solution of the MACE model. A transnational space of commensurability has been formed within the technical infrastructure of Interbull Centre, providing comparable genetic evaluations of bulls, with MACE as a service to countries concerned by international trade of genetic material. Mechanisms of inclusion and exclusion of this technical space of commensurability have shaped those of the international genetic trade. The new technology of genomic evaluations and the market liberalization in the 2000's have destabilized the international commensuration. With a broadened and diversified community of players and with a new issue of genotype data sharing put in the center of technical and political negotiations ...

Tables. ; Original issued in series: Bulletin / British Columbia. Live Stock Branch ; no. 67. ; Cover title. ; At head of title: Province of British Columbia. Dept. of Agriculture (Live-Stock Branch) ; "Printed by authority of the Legislative Assembly." ; ". prepared by Mr. S.H. Hopkins ."--Letter of transmittal. ; Electronic reproduction. ; Mode of access: Internet. ; 44

Senegal, located in West Africa, is an example of a low- to middle-income country where the government has prioritized improving livestock production self-sufficiency, with a strong focus on dairy. Among other initiatives, the use of exotic dairy cattle has been promoted, despite no evidence for the potential livelihood benefits (or otherwise) to smallholder farmers on adopting the new genetics. The current work fills this evidence gap by performing a farm-level economic study comparing the keeping of different breed and cross-breed types of dairy cattle under different management levels. Data for the study were obtained by monitoring 220 smallholder dairy cattle farms, with a combined cattle population of about 3,000 animals, over an almost 2-yr period. Findings of the study suggest that the most net-beneficial and cost-beneficial dairy cattle enterprise that could be used by the smallholder farmers was to keep crossbred indigenous zebu by exotic Bos taurus animals under management standards that are considered good compared with local standards. This dairy enterprise type was 7.4-fold more net beneficial and had a 1.4-fold more favorable cost-benefit ratio than the traditional system of keeping indigenous zebu animals under poor (low-input) management. Interestingly, the keeping of (near) pure B. taurus dairy cattle resulted in the highest milk yields and thus benefit from milk, but was not the most net beneficial due to the high costs of keeping these animals, particularly in terms of feed. We also found that increasing the management level of any of the breed or cross-breed types under consideration, including the indigenous zebu animals, resulted in an increased net benefit of 2.2- to 2.9-fold. Results of this economic analysis are discussed as part of a broader trade-off analysis, resulting in recommendations to strengthen the Senegal dairy sector. The combined intervention of improved dairy cattle genetics and management is considered a promising intervention to improve livelihoods of the rural poor as well as livestock production self-sufficiency for Senegal; some other system constraints are addressed.

The distribution of dairy cattle population in Indonesia is still concentrated in Java, almost 98.62%. However, milk consumers are evenly in Java and outside Java. In addition, outside of Java has high availability of land as well as the source of the feed. Therefore, the government tries to develop a dairy cattle business outside Java. Dairy cattle development activities were carried out in the highland and also in lowland areas. Whereas, it is well known that the productivity of dairy cattle is optimal in the highland areas. The purpose of this research was to assess the feasibility of a dairy business in the lowland areas outside Java in terms of its productivity and economic analysis. Research was done in the farmer group of "Talago Sakato" Nagari Kayu, Padang Pariaman, West Sumatra Province. Data collection was done by 2015 in the form of location characteristics as secondary data and milk production as well as the value of the input-output dairy businesses as primary data. Descriptive data was used to analyse the location characteristic and non-parametric t test was used to compare milk production in different area. The result shows the average milk production dairy cattle in lowland area of Padang Pariaman 10 litres/head/day was not significantly ifferent from the average milk production in Java (P 0.173). However, it was significantly lower compared to milk production in the highland areas in Java. It has a value of B/C 0.30 regardless of labor cost. If labor variable was taken into account, it required the addition of milk productivity at least 1056 liters/head/lactation period in order to be accomplished BEP. These values indicate that a dairy business in the lowland areas outside Java are rated quite feasible to be developed as seen from milk production values which do not vary markedly with milk production in the lowland areas in Java, but needs to be improved, among others, through the introduction of applied technology.

Malaysian dairy cattle industry has not produced enough quantity of dairy products to satisfy domestic market needs. Various initiatives were made by the government to improve the industry output for more than five decades; however, the results are yet to be materialized. Indeed, Malaysia is still one of the highest milk and dairy products importing countries in the world in terms of overall volume and per capita. The objective of this study is to investigate the most important factors influencing the dairy cattle industry development in Malaysia. A quantitative approach involving Structural Equation Modeling is applied to achieve the aim of this study. After testing the validity and reliability (based on Cronbach's alpha technique) of the original research instrument, the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) is implemented to analyze the data by using Smart-PLS 3 software. The findings demonstrate that the factors such as adequate land allocation for dairy farming and animal feed plantation, climate condition, logistic costs, animal feed price and accessibility, poor cow breed, lack of well trained and experienced labors, lack of knowledge on dairy farming, government policies, and the inappropriate environment of the industry are among the most important factors affecting Malaysian dairy cattle industry growth. Industry stakeholders such as farmers, policymakers and researchers may benefit from this study. Results of this study can be used as the guidance and roadmap in their future development policies, plans, projects, and studies.

During a physical examination of cattle, it is often difficult to evaluate inflammatory processes, particularly in cases where the inflammation occurs in deeper regions. The glutaraldehyde test (GT), carried out using a sample of whole blood, allows the visual and semiquantitative identification of an inflammatory process in cattle. Considering that there are few biochemical tests that can be used in the field, the objective of this study was to verify the efficacy of the GT in detecting and predicting mild and severe inflammatory processes in bovine species, classified according to a physical examination, and in the presence of different diseases or lesions. The GT was used in conjunction with a physical examination in 176 cows over 12 months of age, with additional laboratory evaluations of packed cell volume, total protein, albumin, globulin, and fibrinogen. Using a cutoff point at 3 minutes of coagulation, the GT showed a sensitivity of 35.1%, specificity of 94.1%, positive predictive value of 74.1%, and negative predictive value of 75.2%. The GT correctly detected the most severe inflammatory processes under the field conditions of this study. The GT is a diagnostic aid that can be used as a fast and simple screening test during the physical examination of cattle.