Suchergebnisse

This paper tests whether intangible capital is a substitute or, to some degree, a complement to standard inputs in the production process. The analysis is conducted for public sectors in which governmental institutions are directly responsible both for efficiently producing public goods and for investing in new production factors. The results reveal that intangible capital is a relevant input factor in the production of public goods and only weakly substitutable with other inputs.

Anne Case and Angus Deaton in Deaths of Despair and the Future of Capitalism attribute much of the increase in white mortality in opioid overdose deaths to the US pharmaceutical industry and a failed US health care system. They extend human capital to health and economic progress outcomes unique to white US populations since the 1960s. Case and Deaton and Deaths of Despair add to this literature that links education, human capital, and white deaths of despair.Keywords. Monetary policy, Government, Good Government.JEL. B21, D00, D20, D40.

Die Einbindung des Groß- und Einzelhandels in die Gesamtwirtschaft hat nicht nur die Unternehmens- und Wettbewerbsstrukturen des Handels wesentlich verändert, sondern auch zu neuen Funktionsprofilen bei den Handelsunternehmen selbst und bei Unternehmen in den übrigen Wirtschaftssektoren geführt. Im Zuge dieser Veränderungen werden zunehmend Vermarktungs- und Betriebsfunktionen des Handels vor allem von Unternehmen der Dienstleistungs- und Produktionssektoren übernommen. Prof. Dr. Erich Greipl, Universität Mannheim, analysiert im Zusammenarbeit mit dem ifo Institut diese Strukturentwicklungen in der deutschen und europäischen Warendistribution.

Abstract. The Federal Reserve chair Paul Volker led the US through its tumultuous 1970s and 1980s. His biography, Keeping at It, chronicles his thinking and actions throughout his time in public service.Keywords. Monetary policy, Government, Good Government.JEL. B21, D00, D20, D40.

Motivation: Over recent years, dynamic development of new sectors and industries has been observed. As research conducted in 2004 shows in the entire European Union, sport generated 407 billion EUR of value added, which is 3.7% of GDP of the entire EU. At the same time, it generated 15 million jobs, which is 5.4% across the EU. According to the Report of the Ministry of Sport and Tourism presented in 2010 named Rachunek Satelitarny Sportu dla Polski, in the 2006 in Poland, the total value of demand for sports goods and services was PLN 20.7 billion. This is equivalent to the share of GDP in total Polish GDP in 2006 at 1.96%. Increasing the number of entities on the sports goods and services market mainly on the supply side resulted in increased competition and the need to devote their attention to elements related to competitiveness.Aim: This paper aims to present the main determinants, analyze and attempts to classify sports market entities in team-played disciplines. The study included subjects competing in the field of volleyball.Results: As a result of the study, conclusions regarding the manner of their rivalry and the instruments of competition used for this purpose were presented. A group of factors shaping a competitive position was listed. One of the major conclusions was statement that clubs competitive position can only be measured in terms of sport results. This is due to the fact that there are different priorities in shaping the budget. Part of the sport entities may focus on maximizing the budget while some maximize profit. The paper is the starting point for further research on competitiveness on the sports market to be gradually extended by further disciplines.

Motivation: Over recent years, dynamic development of new sectors and industries has been observed. As research conducted in 2004 shows in the entire European Union, sport generated 407 billion EUR of value added, which is 3.7% of GDP of the entire EU. At the same time, it generated 15 million jobs, which is 5.4% across the EU. According to the Report of the Ministry of Sport and Tourism presented in 2010 named Rachunek Satelitarny Sportu dla Polski, in the 2006 in Poland, the total value of demand for sports goods and services was PLN 20.7 billion. This is equivalent to the share of GDP in total Polish GDP in 2006 at 1.96%. Increasing the number of entities on the sports goods and services market mainly on the supply side resulted in increased competition and the need to devote their attention to elements related to competitiveness.Aim: This paper aims to present the main determinants, analyze and attempts to classify sports market entities in team-played disciplines. The study included subjects competing in the field of volleyball.Results: As a result of the study, conclusions regarding the manner of their rivalry and the instruments of competition used for this purpose were presented. A group of factors shaping a competitive position was listed. One of the major conclusions was statement that clubs competitive position can only be measured in terms of sport results. This is due to the fact that there are different priorities in shaping the budget. Part of the sport entities may focus on maximizing the budget while some maximize profit. The paper is the starting point for further research on competitiveness on the sports market to be gradually extended by further disciplines.

The literature has identified a number of determinants of energy efficiency measures (EEMs) in firms, such as investment costs, expected profitability, the level of information and firm size. Instead of contributing a comprehensive analysis of this sort this paper theoretically and empirically addresses two questions with important policy implications. First, it has been suggested that energy cost shares positively affect the adoption of EEMs. This is plausible from a management perspective but ignores economic reasoning. Inefficient firms will be less likely to survive as long as they face competition. The association most likely reflects sectoral differences rather than differences in individual firm efficiency. Second, I stress the starkly heterogeneous nature of EEM adoption by presenting the differential impact of firm size and energy audits by sector. ; Es gibt eine Vielzahl von Untersuchungen, die die Determinanten von Energie-Effizienz-Maßnahmen (EEMs) in Firmen, wie zum Beispiel die Höhe der Investitionskosten, die erwartete Kostenersparnis, das verfügbare Know-how und die Firmengröße, analysieren. Statt einer breitangelegten Analyse dieser Art werden in der vorliegenden Studie zwei Teilfragen von hoher wirtschaftspolitischer Relevanz beantwortet. Erstens wird vermutet, dass die Energie-Kostenanteile einen positiven Einfluss auf die Implementierung von EEMs haben. Diese Vermutung ist zwar aus einer betriebswirtschaftlichen Perspektive plausibel, vernachlässigt allerdings grundlegende volkswirtschaftliche Zusammenhänge. Solange ein Mindestmaß an Wettbewerb vorliegt, haben ineffiziente Firmen generell eine geringere Überlebenswahrscheinlichkeit. Der Zusammenhang zwischen Kostenanteilen und der Durchführung von EEMS ist daher wahrscheinlich eher das Resultat sektoraler Unterschiede und nicht das Resultat von Effizienzunterschieden einzelner Firmen innerhalb dieser Sektoren. Zweitens wird gezeigt, dass sich die Determinanten von EEMS in verschiedenen Wirtschaftsbereichen stark voneinander unterscheiden und kaum verallgemeinert werden können.

This paper seeks to analyze the factors affecting the growth of enterprises in the Philippines, as measured from the expansion of employment. The paper contributes to the literature in two ways. First, it attempts to provide a comprehensive background of the various policies and legislations that affect firms in the country. Second, using micro-level data of the firms in 2009, we correlate the observed growth of these firms with reported constraints in the business environment within which these firms operate, to investigate which ones are binding constraints. We find significant correlations between a subset of these indicators of business climates and the issues raised in previous literature, and the effects vary across firms of different sizes. Given the challenging global climate in the aftermath of the global financial crisis of 2008 and 2009, more than a third of these firms expanded their payroll and majority saw growth in real sales. Amidst a sea of subjective self-reported responses, we manage to find certain empirical regularities that withstand a battery of robustness checks. These correlations between a subset of indicators for business climates and the growth or expansion of firms may shed some light on future potential policies to assist these firms, as well as provide directions for further research.

The concept of the soft budget constraint (SBC) was initially formulated by economist Janos Kornai in the context of socialist economies. I argue that the SBC can be regarded as the political economy of a predatory state in both the so-called socialist and capitalist economies. The hard budget constraint (HBC) is not related to an ideal competitive market economy but to a household level budget constraint, particularly by salaried members of the population in both types of economies.JEL codes: D20, E20, P2, P5

Abstract.  We investigate firms' outsourcing decisions when production requires a large number of inputs. The novelty of our approach is that it provides a testable framework to characterize the equilibrium fraction of outsourced inputs. We demonstrate that intensified competition in a Cournot market for the final good typically enlarges the set of outsourced components relative to those produced in‐house. The proportions of outsourced inputs are found to be strategic substitutes independently of whether firms compete with respect to quantities or prices in the market for the final good. JEL classification: D20, L22

Motivation: European funds are these kinds of goods for which effective demand exceeds supply. The market value of European projects in Poland is estimated at approximately PLN 1125,44 bn, of which the EU co-financing is PLN 664,29 bn. Their effective use depends on the quality of the institutions responsible for their aggregation, allocation and proper expenditure (in accordance with the EU policies). Aim: The analysis of mechanisms determining the market game on the European project market in Poland in the light of the new institutional economics. Particular attention will be paid to the administrative tools that facilitate efficient long-distance communication between the parties to a project co-financing contract (central ICT system SL2014). Results: ICT systems constitute a part of a wider phenomenon commonly referred to as e-administration. It may be regarded as an institution in the meaning of the new institutional economics. This institution reduces the transaction costs related to handling European projects as well as the transaction costs in other areas connected with public governance. Wherever the e-administration can be applied (e-administration may be found useful in the case of public health emergencies that were triggered by the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic). Central ICT system SL2014 (as an element of e-administration) significantly reduced transaction costs in the field of handling European projects in the 2014–2020 financial perspective.

Motivation: European funds are these kinds of goods for which effective demand exceeds supply. The market value of European projects in Poland is estimated at approximately PLN 1125,44 bn, of which the EU co-financing is PLN 664,29 bn. Their effective use depends on the quality of the institutions responsible for their aggregation, allocation and proper expenditure (in accordance with the EU policies). Aim: The analysis of mechanisms determining the market game on the European project market in Poland in the light of the new institutional economics. Particular attention will be paid to the administrative tools that facilitate efficient long-distance communication between the parties to a project co-financing contract (central ICT system SL2014). Results: ICT systems constitute a part of a wider phenomenon commonly referred to as e-administration. It may be regarded as an institution in the meaning of the new institutional economics. This institution reduces the transaction costs related to handling European projects as well as the transaction costs in other areas connected with public governance. Wherever the e-administration can be applied (e-administration may be found useful in the case of public health emergencies that were triggered by the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic). Central ICT system SL2014 (as an element of e-administration) significantly reduced transaction costs in the field of handling European projects in the 2014–2020 financial perspective.

Le développement de la théorie de la firme s'est souvent affranchi d'une analyse de la nature légale et politique des entreprises si bien que la réflexion sur la nature des ordres normatifs est elle-même demeurée marginale. Par ordre normatif, nous entendons un standard de régulation des relations industrielles qui s'applique pour une période donnée à des entités réelles, ici aux firmes. Cet article contribue à la littérature sur le pluralisme industriel en proposant une analyse des évolutions institutionnelles et historiques des firmes et en mettant en exergue une forme d'intrication des ordres publics et privés dans les entreprises. JEL Classification: A12, D20, J50, L20

We examine how owners of productive resources (e.g., public enterprises or financial capital) optimally allocate their resources among wealth-constrained operators of unknown ability. Optimal allocations exhibit: (1) shared enterprise profit—the resource owner always shares the operator's profit; (2) dispersed enterprise ownership—resources are widely distributed among operators of varying ability; (3) limited benefits of competition—the owner may not benefit from increased competition for the resource; and, sometimes, (4) diluted incentives for the most capable—more capable operators receive smaller shares of the returns they generate. Implications for privatizations and venture capital arrangements are explored. (JEL D82, D44, D20)