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Purpose: This paper explains the evident disproportionality in the levels of adoption of the modality of public–private partnerships (PPPs) in Uganda by tracing the peculiar preconditions and enablers of the model's relative high adoption in the electricity sector. Design/methodology/approach: Key conceptual suggestions from historical institutionalism (HI), critical juncture and path dependence are used to orient the data collection and analysis. The direct experiences and perceptions of key informants involved in policy, regulation and operations in the electricity sector are thematically analyzed. Findings: The primacy of specific policy, institutional decisions and actions sequentially undertaken at the international, national and sectorial levels in shaping the conceivability and possibility of PPP modality is foregrounded. In particular, international advisory for the changed role of the state and the government's subsequent decision to enact and reenact specific institutional frameworks at the national and sectorial levels created important disruptions to the status quo and paved a new and relatively stable institutional path conducive for private sector participation. Research limitations/implications: Theoretically, the paper demonstrates the ability and power of HI to support the exploration and framing of multilevel and path-dependent explanations of institutional development and policy adoption. Practically, suggestions in terms of policy, legal and regulatory enablers for the adoption of PPP are made to shape practitioners' decision-making Practical implications: Practically, suggestions in terms of policy, legal and regulatory enablers for the adoption of PPP are made to shape practitioners' decision-making. Originality/value: The importance of considering factor combinations and sequences in explaining the emergence, adoption and proliferation of public policy instruments and phenomena is underscored. In addition, the discourse on PPPs is moved beyond rationalization on how to even out their ...

PurposeThis paper explains the evident disproportionality in the levels of adoption of the modality of public–private partnerships (PPPs) in Uganda by tracing the peculiar preconditions and enablers of the model's relative high adoption in the electricity sector.Design/methodology/approachKey conceptual suggestions from historical institutionalism (HI), critical juncture and path dependence are used to orient the data collection and analysis. The direct experiences and perceptions of key informants involved in policy, regulation and operations in the electricity sector are thematically analyzed.FindingsThe primacy of specific policy, institutional decisions and actions sequentially undertaken at the international, national and sectorial levels in shaping the conceivability and possibility of PPP modality is foregrounded. In particular, international advisory for the changed role of the state and the government's subsequent decision to enact and reenact specific institutional frameworks at the national and sectorial levels created important disruptions to the status quo and paved a new and relatively stable institutional path conducive for private sector participation.Research limitations/implicationsTheoretically, the paper demonstrates the ability and power of HI to support the exploration and framing of multilevel and path-dependent explanations of institutional development and policy adoption. Practically, suggestions in terms of policy, legal and regulatory enablers for the adoption of PPP are made to shape practitioners' decision-makingPractical implicationsPractically, suggestions in terms of policy, legal and regulatory enablers for the adoption of PPP are made to shape practitioners' decision-making.Originality/valueThe importance of considering factor combinations and sequences in explaining the emergence, adoption and proliferation of public policy instruments and phenomena is underscored. In addition, the discourse on PPPs is moved beyond rationalization on how to even out their adoption (and subsequently the associated benefits) across sectors.

What is the relative importance of structural versus contextual forces in the birth and death of scientific theories? We describe a formal dynamic model of the birth, evolution, and death of scientific paradigms based on Kuhn's Structure of Scientific Revolutions. The model represents scientific activity as a changing set of coupled institutions; a simulated ecology of interacting paradigms in which the creation of new theories is stochastic and endogenous. The model captures the sociological dynamics of paradigms as they compete against one another for members, solve puzzles, and recognize anomalies. We use sensitivity tests and regression to examine the role of intrinsic versus contextual factors in determining paradigm success. We find that situational factors attending the birth of a paradigm largely determine its probability of rising to dominance, while the intrinsic explanatory power of a paradigm is only weakly related to the likelihood of success. For those paradigms surviving the emergence phase, greater explanatory power is significantly related to longevity. However, the relationship between a paradigm's "strength" and the duration of normal science is also contingent on the competitive environment during the emergence phase. Analysis of the model shows the dynamics of competition and succession among paradigms to be conditioned by many positive feedback loops. These self-reinforcing processes amplify intrinsically unobservable microlevel perturbations in the environment—the local conditions of science, society, and self faced by the creators of a new theory—until they reach macroscopic significance. Such path dependent dynamics are the hallmark of self-organizing evolutionary systems. We consider the implications of these results for the rise and fall of new ideas in contexts outside the natural sciences such as management fads.

This paper presents an analysis of climate policy instruments for the decarbonisation of the global electricity sector in a non-equilibrium economic and technology diffusion perspective. Energy markets are driven by innovation, path-dependent technology choices and diffusion. However, conventional optimisation models lack detail on these aspects and have limited ability to address the effectiveness of policy interventions because they do not represent decision-making. As a result, known effects of technology lock-ins are liable to be underestimated. In contrast, our approach places investor decision-making at the core of the analysis and investigates how it drives the diffusion of low-carbon technology in a highly disaggregated, hybrid, global macroeconometric model, FTT:Power-E3MG. Ten scenarios to 2050 of the electricity sector in 21 regions exploring combinations of electricity policy instruments are analysed, including their climate impacts. We show that in a diffusion and path-dependent perspective, the impact of combinations of policies does not correspond to the sum of impacts of individual instruments: synergies exist between policy tools. We argue that the carbon price required to break the current fossil technology lock-in can be much lower when combined with other policies, and that a 90% decarbonisation of the electricity sector by 2050 is affordable without early scrapping. ; This work was supported by the Three Guineas Trust (A. M. Foley), Cambridge Econometrics (H. Pollitt and U. Chewpreecha), Conicyt (Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, Gobierno de Chile) and the Ministerio de Energía, Gobierno de Chile (P. Salas), the EU Seventh Framework Programme grant agreement No 265170 'ER-MITAGE' (N. Edwards and P. Holden) and the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, fellowship number EP/K007254/1 (J.-F. Mercure). ; This is the final published version. It's also available from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421514004017#.

A comprehensive review of National research policy papers issued over the past 6 years was carried out. A set of problems concerning the quality of predicted values of some bibliometric indicators reflecting the level of research performance and publication activity that were declared in governmental documents was discussed. Basic metrics of scientific performance that should be required to achieve the goals declared in the recent governmental policy papers including President's Executive Order № 599 of May 7, 2012 (increasing the share of Russian researchers' publications in the total number of publications in international scientific journals indexed in the Web of Science up to 2,44% in 2015). Taking into account the current structure of modern global science in which papers in biomedical subjects make up for approximately one third of the total world scientific output, it becomes obvious how difficult is the governmental task set up to the researchers — to double the number of journal publications indexed in Web of Science in the short-term period of the nearest three years. The priorities and reasonable goal-oriented efforts to meet the targets are proposed in the paper. ; Проведен анализ государственных программных документов по научной политике, в которых использовались индикаторы публикационной активности и прогнозные оценки роста результативности отечественных научных исследований. Рассчитаны основные показатели публикационной активности, которые должны быть достигнуты профессиональным медицинским сообществом, чтобы соответствовать целевым библиометрическим индикаторам, заявленным в Указе Президента № 599 от 7 мая 2012 г. (увеличение доли российских публикаций в Web of Science до 2,44% к 2015 г.), и в «Стратегии развития медицинской науки до 2025 г.» Показано, что глобальная наука, в сложившейся структуре которой на биомедицинские статьи приходится около 1/3 публикационного мирового потока, ставит перед российским медицинским сообществом очень сложную задачу: удвоить за 3 года число публикаций, индексируемых в Web of Science. Рассмотрены первоочередные и необходимые меры для выполнения этой задачи.

Transboundary pollution from vegetation fires is a recurrent and highly politicised environmental problem in Southeast Asia. This paper is a critical synthesis of the policy response to the severe haze episodes of 1997/1998. It is based on a series of science–policy activities co-ordinated by the Global Change Impacts Centre for Southeast Asia aimed at exploring land-use planning and management options to reduce the impacts of transboundary pollution from vegetation fires. We begin with a brief summary of what is known about the causes of the fires and haze, the composition and distribution of haze, and the main impacts. Policy options and instruments are considered at a range of levels, from local waste-wood management options and national land development strategies, through to regional and international institutions. In these analyses, we seek to understand the interaction of different interest groups and identify potentially complementary policies as well as likely tradeoffs. Ultimately, the aims of these activities are improvement of the public policy process and greater relevance of research activities and research-based knowledge.

Introduction -- PART I Modelling Macroeconomic Scenarios: Energy Issues, Economic Performances and Environmental Policy -- Chapter 1 The GTAP-E: Model Description and Improvements -- Chapter 2 Carbon Leakage and Trade Adjustment Policies -- Chapter 3 Theoretical Approaches to Dynamic Efficiency in Policy Contexts. The Case of Renewable Electricity -- Chapter 4 Energy Efficiency Policy in the US: The Impact of the Industrial Assessment Centres (IAC) Programme and State and Regional Climate Policy Actions -- Chapter 5 Porter Reloaded: The Role and Effectiveness of Environmental and Social Regulations for Realizing Innovation offsets and Enhancing Firm Competitiveness -- PART II Environmental Innovation and Competitiveness: Linking Micro, Meso and Macro Analysis in the Dynamics -- Chapter 6 Implications of Policy Uncertainty for Innovation in Environmental Technologies. The Case of Public R&D Budgets -- Chapter 7 Eco-Activity and Innovativeness: What is Their Relation to Environmental Performance in Consumer Firms and Industrial Firms? -- Chapter 8 Environmental Policy and Induced Technological Change in European Industries.- Chapter 9 Closing the Gap? Dynamic Analyses of Emission Efficiency and Sector Productivity in Europe -- Chapter 10 Waste Technology Inventions and Policy Effects in Dynamic Settings. Evidence from OECD Patent Data -- Chapter 11 Biopat: An Investigation Tool for Analysis of Industry Evolution, Technological Paths and Policy Impact in the Biofuels Sector -- Index

In conditions of economic instability the approach based on the study of the relationship between culture and economy gains particular importance. The article considers the problem of dependence on the previous development of the economy - the path dependence problem. Most scientific studies on the issue of successful development, social and economic breakthroughs, and well-being of a country are based on the concepts of economic growth, democratization of the system, and liberalization of the economic regime. However, studies of the dynamics of world statistical data for various countries over a very long period refute the validity of existing hypotheses. In order to achieve social and economic progress and consolidate the successful development of the country, the problem of the interconnection of culture and the economy is put forward. The article gives some analytical conclusions on employment and business trends in the EU culture organizations. The purpose of the article is to put forward the problem of the interaction between culture and the country's economic development, as a way for securing successful economic development for the long term and to assess the impact of cultural indicators on economic growth indicators. Key words: Interaction of culture and economy, dependence on the path of previous development, path dependence problem, employment trends in the field of culture of the EU countries, entrepreneurship in the field of culture, added value in the culture sector in the EU countries by type of activity.

In conditions of economic instability the approach based on the study of the relationship between culture and economy gains particular importance. The article considers the problem of dependence on the previous development of the economy - the path dependence problem. Most scientific studies on the issue of successful development, social and economic breakthroughs, and well-being of a country are based on the concepts of economic growth, democratization of the system, and liberalization of the economic regime. However, studies of the dynamics of world statistical data for various countries over a very long period refute the validity of existing hypotheses. In order to achieve social and economic progress and consolidate the successful development of the country, the problem of the interconnection of culture and the economy is put forward. The article gives some analytical conclusions on employment and business trends in the EU culture organizations. The purpose of the article is to put forward the problem of the interaction between culture and the country's economic development, as a way for securing successful economic development for the long term and to assess the impact of cultural indicators on economic growth indicators. Key words: Interaction of culture and economy, dependence on the path of previous development, path dependence problem, employment trends in the field of culture of the EU countries, entrepreneurship in the field of culture, added value in the culture sector in the EU countries by type of activity.

In conditions of economic instability the approach based on the study of the relationship between culture and economy gains particular importance. The article considers the problem of dependence on the previous development of the economy - the path dependence problem. Most scientific studies on the issue of successful development, social and economic breakthroughs, and well-being of a country are based on the concepts of economic growth, democratization of the system, and liberalization of the economic regime. However, studies of the dynamics of world statistical data for various countries over a very long period refute the validity of existing hypotheses. In order to achieve social and economic progress and consolidate the successful development of the country, the problem of the interconnection of culture and the economy is put forward. The article gives some analytical conclusions on employment and business trends in the EU culture organizations. The purpose of the article is to put forward the problem of the interaction between culture and the country's economic development, as a way for securing successful economic development for the long term and to assess the impact of cultural indicators on economic growth indicators. Key words: Interaction of culture and economy, dependence on the path of previous development, path dependence problem, employment trends in the field of culture of the EU countries, entrepreneurship in the field of culture, added value in the culture sector in the EU countries by type of activity.

Affordability of products and services is an economic benefit that should accrue to consumers, whether they are corporations, government agencies or individuals. This concept of affordability goes beyond conventional wisdom that considers affordability as the ability to pay the price of a product or service. This dissertation defines and explores a broader concept of affordability one of fitness to perform at the level of quality required by the consumer, to perform at that level whenever the product or service is used, and to do so with minimum consumption of resources. This concept of affordability is applied to technological systems by using the complexity sciences concept of fitness as the metaphor for technological systems' fitness. During a system design evolution, the specific design outcome is determined by that set of design search paths followed it is path dependent. Dynamic mechanisms create, dictate and maintain path dependence. Initial conditions define the start and direction of a path. During subsequent design steps, positive feedback influences the designer to continue on that path. This dissertation describes underlying mechanisms that create, dictate and maintain path dependence; discusses the effects of path dependence on system design and system affordability; models these effects using system dynamics modeling; and suggests actions to address its effects. This dissertation also addresses several types of fitness landscapes, and suggests that the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) solution space is a form of fitness landscape suitable for evaluating the efficiency, and thus the fitness, of research and development (R&D) projects. It describes the use of DEA to evaluate and select Department of Defense (D0D) R&D projects as a new application of DEA. ; Ph. D.