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AbstractThis artricle explores the philosophical roots of Alexander Crummell's abolitionism. It argues that the black abolitionist developed a philosophically sophisticated approach to antislavery politics and to black advancement rooted, in part, in his encounter with Samuel Taylor Coleridge's metaphysics and epistemology. Developing out his encounter with Coleridge and others, Crummell developed a politicized theory of the self. From Coleridge he took an appreciation of anti-instrumental ways of thinking about politics rooted in the alignment of internal qualities of the self with external political organizing. His thought demonstrates the cosmopolitanism and sophistication of antebellum black intellectual and activist life, as well as the ways that theories of selfhood were deployed in radical political movements of the nineteenth century.

Building upon his previous work and using Richard Hofstadter's The American Political Tradition as a model, Professor Moses has revised and brought together in this book essays that focus on the complexity of, and contradictions in, the thought of five major African-American intellectuals: Frederick Douglass, Alexander Crummell, Booker T. Washington, W. E. B. DuBois and Marcus M. Garvey. In doing so, he challenges both popular and scholarly conceptions of them as villains or heroes. In analyzing the intellectual struggles and contradictions of these five dominant personalities with regard to individual morality and collective reform, Professor Moses shows how they contributed to strategies for black improvement and puts them within the context of other currents of American thought, including Jeffersonian and Jacksonian democracy, Social Darwinism, and progressivism

Cover; Title Page; Copyright; Contents; Introduction; The Souls of Black Folk; Dedication; The Forethought; Herein is Written; I. Of our Spiritual Strivings; II. Of the Dawn of Freedom; III. Of Mr. Booker T. Washington and Others; IV. Of the Meaning of Progress; V. Of the Wings of Atalanta; VI. Of the Training of Black Men; VII. Of the Black Belt; VIII. Of the Quest of the Golden Fleece; IX. Of the Sons of Master and Man; X. Of the Faith of the Fathers; XI. Of the Passing of the First-Born; XII. Of Alexander Crummell; XIII. Of the Coming of John; XIV. The Sorrow Songs; The After-Thought

Introduction: Travel and the Pan African Imagination -- Denmark Vesey, Armed Resistance, and the Emergence of Pan Africanism -- Explorations of Christianity and Islam: Edward Wilmot Blyden's Travels in Africa and the Middle East -- "We need some African power": Edward Wilmot Blyden and The Negro, or The Conservative Origins of Black Power Ideology -- Anglo-Africans and Negro-Saxons: Writing the History of African Nationalism via Alexander Crummell -- Conclusion: Africology and the New Millennium.

"Thoroughly researched and well-informed, this extraordinarily rich and well-written study reveals hitherto neglected aspects of Black American life and thought."-Wilson J. Moses, author of Alexander Crummell: A Study of Civilization and Discontent "A terrific book that fills an important gap in political theory and offers fresh interpretations of such figures as Douglass, Du Bois, and Locke."-Lawrie Balfour, author of Evidence of Things Not Said: James Baldwin and the Promise of American Democracy "An arresting, insightful, and compelling look at environmental thought through the eyes of African Americans."-Carolyn Merchant, author of The Columbia Guide to American Environmental History.

Front Cover -- Half-Title Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Dedication -- The Forethought -- I. Of Our Spiritual Strivings -- II. Of the Dawn of Freedom -- III. Of Mr. Booker T. Washington and Others -- IV. Of the Meaning of Progress -- V. Of the Wings of Atalanta -- VI. Of the Training of Black Men -- VII. Of the Black Belt -- VIII. Of the Quest of the Golden Fleece -- IX. Of the Sons of Master and Man -- X. Of the Faith of the Fathers -- XI. Of the Passing of the First-Born -- XII. Of Alexander Crummell -- XIII. Of the Coming of John -- XIV. Of the Sorrow Songs -- The Afterthought.

Cover -- Half-Title Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Introduction (Patricia H. Hinchey) -- The Souls of Black Folk -- The Forethought -- I. Of Our Spiritual Strivings -- II. Of the Dawn of Freedom -- III. Of Mr. Booker T. Washington and Others -- IV. Of the Meaning of Progress -- V. Of the Wings of Atalanta -- VI. Of the Training of Black Men -- VII. Of the Black Belt -- VIII. Of the Quest of the Golden Fleece -- IX. Of the Sons of Master and Man -- X. Of the Faith of the Fathers -- XI. Of the Passing of the First-Born -- XII. Of Alexander Crummell -- XIII. Of the Coming of John -- XIV. Of the Sorrow Songs -- The Afterthought -- About the Text

Abstract
W. E. B. Du Bois is widely regarded as the foundational Black social scientist in the United States. He lived during a historical period when social science was predominantly considered the creation and domain of White scholars. In primary sociology texts, Du Bois is typically mentioned in passing, often as the sole Black social scientist acknowledged in social science historiography. At the other end of the spectrum, many Black social scientists today begin their exploration with Du Bois, recognizing his brilliant and groundbreaking contributions. However, both of these approaches seemingly imply that there were no notable Black social scientists before Du Bois. This paper aims to challenge that assumption by examining early nineteenth-century Black social science through the lens of James McCune Smith. Despite being a close friend to prominent figures like Frederick Douglass, Gerrit Smith, John Brown, and Alexander Crummell, McCune Smith has been relegated to a historical footnote in most accounts, except in a few recent notable works.

Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Dedication -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Varieties of Black Historicism: Issues of Antimodernism and "Presentism -- Sentimental Afrocentrism -- Vindicationist and Contributionist Traditions -- Heroic Monumentalism: The Egyptocentric Mode -- A Grand Center of Negro Nationality -- African Redemptionism: The Hands of Ethiopia -- Romantic Racialism: Cult of African Moral Superiority -- African Diaspora and Culture Diffusion -- The Antimodernist Paradox: Modernism as Primitivism -- Afrocentrism and Mythic Truth -- Avoiding Presentism: Afrocentrism as a Response to Slavery and Segregation -- The Need for a Cultural Anchor -- Thematic Concerns of the Present Work -- 3 From Superman to Man: A Historiography of Decline -- 4 Progress, Providence, and Civilizationism: Alexander Crummell, Frederick Douglass, and Others -- 5 W. E. B. Du Bois and Antimodernism -- Section 1: Arminianism, Antinomianism, and Africanity in Religion -- Section 2: Barbarism, Civilization, and Decadence -- Conclusion -- 6 Afrocentrism, Cosmopolitanism, and Cultural Literacy in the American Negro Academy -- 7 Caliban's Utopia: Modernism, Relativism, and Primitivism -- 8 Barbarism Grafted onto Decadence -- 9 Conclusion: Afrocentrism, Antimodernism, and Utopia -- Notes -- Index

Our wretchedness in consequence of slavery / David Walker -- An address to the slaves of the United States / Henry Highland Garnet -- Comparative condition of the colored people of the United States / Martin Robison Delany -- What to the slave is the Fourth of July? / Frederick Douglass -- Why sit ye here and die / Maria Stewart -- Of the dawn of freedom / W.E.B. Du Bois -- Political independence of the Negro / T. Thomas Fortune -- The case of the Negro / Booker T. Washington -- A vindication of the capacity of the Negro race for self-government, and civilized progress / James Theodore Holly -- The true solution of the Negro problem / Marcus Garvey -- Toward Black liberation / Stokely Carmichael -- The race-problem in America / Alexander Crummell -- The conservation of the races / W.E.B. Du Bois -- Lynch laws in all its phases / Ida B. Wells -- The progress of colored women / Mary Church Terrell -- What's in a name? : womanism, Black feminism and beyond / Patricia Hill Collins -- To be Black, male, and "feminist" : making womanist space for Black men / Gary L. Lemons -- Whiteness as property / Cheryl I. Harris -- Whiteness, racism, and identity / Barbara J. Fields -- The antidemocratic power of whiteness / Kathleen Neal Cleaver.