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Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Notes on Contributors -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction: Towards a South Asian Criminology -- Part I Crime and Criminal Justice Processes -- 1 Afghanistan: State and Non-State-Oriented Criminal Justice Systems -- 2 Bangladesh: Issues and Introspections on Crime and Criminal Justice -- 3 Bhutan: Penal Laws, Crimes and Criminal Justice Processes -- 4 India: A Historical Perspective of the Criminal Justice System -- 5 Maldives: Towards the Reformation of the Criminal Justice System -- 6 Nepal: Institutions in the Criminal Justice System and the Need for Reforms -- 7 Pakistan: Criminal Justice Processes and Issues of Crime, Policing, Judiciary, and Prisons -- 8 Sri Lanka: Criminal Justice System and Rule of Law -- Part II Historical Perspectives of Crime and Justice -- 9 Criminal Justice Tenets in Manusmriti: A Critical Appraisal of the Ancient Indian Hindu Code -- 10 Witchcraft Accusation, Victimization and Demonology in Nepal -- 11 Crime and Justice in Ancient South India (Sangam Age): Gleanings from Tamil Literature -- 12 Goondas of Calcutta: Crimes and Policing in the Colonial India -- 13 Opium Production in India, Pakistan and Afghanistan: Historical Milieu and Counter-Measures -- 14 Homicide in Ancient, Medieval, British, and Contemporary India -- Part III Politics of Crime and Justice -- 15 Terror and Trafficking in Afghanistan, Pakistan and India: A Routine Activity Approach -- 16 War, Crime, Justice and Social Order in Afghanistan -- 17 Organised Crime, Gangs and the Complexity of Group Offending in Bangladesh -- 18 Crimes of War in Sri Lanka -- 19 Madaris and Suicide Terrorism in Pakistan: Is There an Association? -- 20 Post-Conflict Crime and Violence in Nepal: Trends, Dynamics and Drivers -- 21 Religious Terrorism in Bangladesh: Patterns, Trends and Causes.

Crime and criminal justice processes -- Afghanistan: state and non-state oriented criminal justice systems -- Bangladesh : issues and introspections on crime and criminal justice -- Bhutan : penal laws, crimes and criminal justice processes -- India : a historical perspective of criminal justice system -- Maldives : towards the reformation of criminal justice system -- Nepal : institutions in the criminal justice system and the need for reforms -- Pakistan : criminal justice processes and issues of crime, policing, judiciary, and prisons -- Sri Lanka : criminal justice system and rule of law -- Historical perspectives of crime and justice -- Criminal justice tenets in manusmriti : a critical appraisal of the Ancient Indian Hindu Code -- Witchcraft accusation, victimization and demonology in Nepal -- Crime and justice in ancient South India (Sangam age) : gleanings from Tamil literature -- Goondas of Calcutta : crimes and policing in the colonial India -- Opium production in India, Pakistan and Afghanistan : historical milieu and counter measures -- Homicide in ancient, medieval, British and contemporary India -- Politics of crime and justice -- Terror and trafficking in Afghanistan, Pakistan and India : a routine activity approach -- War, crime, justice and social order in Afghanistan -- Organised crime, gangs and the complexity of group offending in Bangladesh -- War crimes in Sri Lanka -- Madaris and suicide terrorism in Pakistan : is there an association? -- Post-conflict crime and violence in Nepal : trends, dynamics and drivers -- Religious terrorism in Bangladesh : patterns, trends and causes -- Crime and justice policies -- Human trafficking in South Asia : regional cooperation and responses -- Religious, societal reflection and rights of transgender in India -- Transitional justice processes in Bangladesh -- "Nirbhaya incident" and juvenile justice policies in India : a situational analysis -- Crime among young offenders in Bhutan : trends, factors and determinants -- Victims and victimization -- Women victims of war and crime in Afghanistan -- Human trafficking in Nepal : a victimological perspective -- Political crime victimization in Bangladesh -- Traditional practices and victimization of women in Nepal : the case of Chhaupadi -- Rohingyas in Myanmar and Bangladesh : an examination of collective and secondary victimization -- Conclusion.

Ranging from prehistory to the present and encompassing the whole of South Asia, this new volume offers the first chronological history of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Sri Lanka from the perspective of the crucial reciprocal relationship between humankind and the environment. South Asia: An Environmental History shows how the civilizations of this geographically diverse region were formed (physically, ethically, and culturally) by their interactions with the environment--a relationship with particularly strong social and spiritual dimensions because of the interdependence of the predominantly agrarian population and the land. Specific topics range from ancient irrigation techniques and peasant adaptation to the environment, to the impact of imperialism on nature, the effect of post-colonial technology on contemporary life, and the enduring influence of religion on the way South Asian societies address ecological issues

This paper makes a call for a critical historical criminology of the antipodean and the Global South. It makes a preliminary argument for a critical historical criminology that is against method and in favour of political alliances with critical perspectives that can enrich historico‑criminological understandings in an antipodean and Southern context. In particular, this paper explores the potential for a politico-academic alliance between critical historical criminology and postcolonial studies, Southern theory and Indigenous research. Such politico-academic alliances reveal that critical historical criminology is best understood as a negation of both criminology and history and that historical criminology does not have to be understood as a new sub-discipline and academic specialism at the intersection of history and criminology. On the contrary, this paper argues that historical criminology can be approached as a critical attempt to 'unthink the social sciences' and to 'de-discipline ourselves'.

This edited volume presents the diversity of comparative criminology research in Asia, and the complex theoretical and methodological issues involved in conducting comparative research. With contributors both from the West and the East exploring these questions, the Editors have created a balanced resource, as well as set an agenda for future research. The increasing pace of globalization means that researchers should be armed with an understanding of how criminal justice systems work across the world. In the past, comparative research largely compared Western countries to each other, or involved researchers from a Western perspective examining an Asian country, with models and theories developed in the West considered to have universal applications. This work aims to correct that gap, by providing a critical examination of comparative research, presenting quantitative and qualitative research data, and asking new questions that challenge prevailing research norms and provide an agenda for future research. This work will be of interest for researchers across the field of Criminology, particularly those with an interest in International and Comparative Research, research on or about Asia, and related disciplines such as Sociology, Demography, and Social Policy.--

Acknowledgements -- About the Editors -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- Crime and Criminal Justice in Asia -- Developments in Western Criminology -- A Comparative Approach -- The Structure of this Collection -- References -- Part I: Why Compare? Asian Countries, the West and Comparative Criminology -- Introduction to Part I -- References -- Chapter 2: The New Asian Paradigm: A Relational Approach -- Prospects and Challenges for an Asian Criminology -- The Development of a New Asian Paradigm -- Differential Association/Social Learning Theory -- General Strain Theory -- Self-Control Theory -- Social Control Theory -- Social Capital Theory -- Routine Activity Theory -- Self-Control Theory -- Situational Action Theory (SAT) -- Institutional Anomie Theory -- The Western Paradigm -- The Asian Paradigm -- Implications for Access to Justice -- Future Directions -- References -- Chapter 3: Asian Values, Crime and Social Change -- Two Traditions on Comparison -- Asian Values and Crime -- Asian Nationalists in Singapore and Malaysia -- Cultural Nationalism in China -- Criminal Justice Professionals on the Crime Problem -- An Indigenous Criminologist on the Low Crime Rate in Asia -- Indigenous Criminologists on Rising Crime -- Investigating Crime and Social Change: An Interpretive Research Programme -- References -- Chapter 4: Comparative Empirical Co-ordinates and the Dynamics of Criminal Justice in China and the West -- Introduction -- Police -- Prosecutors -- Judges -- Legitimacy -- Legitimacy and the Criminal Justice System: England and Wales -- The Spatial Dimensions of the Law -- Legitimation in China (Lawyers) -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5: Asian Criminology and Southern Epistemologies -- Southern Epistemologies -- The Importance of Asian Criminology in Challenging Northern Hegemonies -- References

South Asia consists of India, Pakistan, Ceylon, Nepal, Bhutan, Sikkim, and Afghanistan. Until the Second World War, the study of this area was almost entirely restricted to humanistic subjects as taught by professors of Sanskrit in American universities. Since the 1920's, the humanistic schol ars dealing with South Asia had felt that social science subjects should also be added, but had not succeeded in getting an ex panded program into the American educational system. The Second World War made it evident that social science subjects should be added. After the war, the large foundations assisted in establishing South Asia centers which expanded South Asian studies by adding the study of modern languages of the area and social science subjects. A Joint Committee of the Ameri can Council of Learned Societies and the Social Science Re search Council was established in 1949, which published a re port in 1951, "Southern Asia Studies in the United States: A Survey and Plan." Its recommendations were in course of time all implemented. The United States federal government began to support South Asia studies by instituting a foreign language fellowship program. The latest development of South Asia studies has been the establishment of the American Institute of Indian Studies in India, which is supported by United States counterpart funds in India and by a grant from the Ford Foundation. Further necessary developments of South Asia studies are outlined in the rest of the paper.

This piece introduces the topic of genealogy as an important topic in the humanities in general, and in the study of religions and the study of the religions of South Asia in particular. Then it introduces a project on that topic at Cardiff University, and the international conference held in connection with it. It then provides an overview of the collected papers of that conference, which are presented in this volume.