Suchergebnisse

Nowadays the ventilation design of enclosed spaces is still based on the number of air renewals per hour. This coarse approach was developed in the past but nowadays is a fast and simple computational exercise to determine where and when the Threshold Limit Value (TLV) is surpassed. A rather superficial Computer Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis is able to provide insights that are useful to propose measures to keep the pollutants concentrations at safe levels. As illustrative example, the contaminants' level inside a factory is simulated, both in steady and unsteady state, for risk and health assessment to determine the contaminant levels reached as consequence of the normal operation or in case of a sudden release. The case study is based on an example related to the ventilation of a printing factory for which there are field measurements available in literature. Two pollutants are emitted separately; one continuously during operation and the other only sporadically during cleaning. A good agreement is obtained between the simulations and previous field measurements. This case is an example that a design fulfilling the legislation according to the air renewals tabulated can surpass the threshold limit value in practice. The main conclusion is that the legislation should be based on CFD results instead of general tabulated values, as in some cases the ventilation could be too oversized and in others may result insufficient.

Environmental pollution control is one of the most important goals in pollution risk assessment today. The aim of this study is to conduct a retrospective view of the evolution of matter particulate (PM10) and the heavy metals (Cd, Ni and Pb) at different localities (Alcora, Castellón and Onda) in the Spanish cluster ceramic in a period between January 2007 and December 2011. The study area is in the province of Castellón. This province is a strategic area in the framework of European Union Pollution control. Approximately 80% of European ceramic tiles and ceramic frits manufacturers are concentrated in two areas, forming the so-called "ceramic clusters"; one is in Modena (Italy) and the other in Castellón (Spain). In these kind of areas, there are a lot of pollutants from this industry that represent an important contribution to soil contamination so it is necessary to control their air quality. In these areas atmospheric particles are deposited in the ground through both dry and wet deposition. Soil is a major sink for heavy metals released into the environment. For this purpose the levels of PM10 in ambient air and the corresponding annual and seasonal trend were calculated. The results of the study show that the PM10 and heavy metal concentrations are below the limit values recommended by European Union Legislation for the protection of human health and ecosystems in the study period. There is an important reduction of them from 2009 in all control stations due to economic crisis and subsequent decrease of industrial activity. The atmospheric seasonal tendency of pollutant concentrations is marked by the rate of industrial activity and additionally by the temperature. Complementarily, a comparative study of heavy metal levels in soils was performed in this area. Soils with low pollution by Ni and Pb were detected, while different pollution by Cd was found depending on the sampling site. Although there is an evident reduction of PM10 and heavy metal levels, the results show that these polluta

The aim of this paper is to shed light on the effect of Low Emission Zones (LEZs) on traffic. LEZs are areas in which access is restricted for the most polluting vehicles. They have been found to be effective in reducing pollution, while the expected effect on traffic is not clear. Using high-frequency granular data on traffic for the city of Madrid, I analyse whether LEZ schemes are effective in reducing traffic within the area of implementation and whether they generate a displacement effect. Taking advantage of the exogeneity of the implementation timing, I develop a pre/post analysis based on time. Results suggest a reduction in traffic inside the restricted area and a displacement to all the other areas of the city. I find a switch to public transport for commutes directed towards the restricted area and rerouting of trips for destinations outside Madrid Central to be two of the possible mechanisms explaining these results. The reduction in transit inside the restricted area gradually decreases over time and disappears after 7 months. This is consistent with the renewal of the vehicles' fleet with unrestricted and cleaner vehicles generated by the policy.

Résumé Loin d'en faire un terrible tyran, usant de son pouvoir cœrcitif et de son hégémonie sur le Net, Alexander Mahan parvient, certes, à inscrire une critique du moteur de recherche Google dans son projet de dataveillance , mais la ligne de brisure qu'il construit porte essentiellement sur la manière dont les internautes se mettent à la merci de Google. Comment, en réalité, les désirs et le besoin de satisfaction de chacun se trouvent être à l'origine de la captation des informations par le moteur de recherche. Tout d'un coup, l'auteur nous fait passer de la répression à la séduction et de la discipline au plaisir . C'est la force de l'article de renverser la situation : à quoi sommes-nous entrain de participer ?

Con frecuencia, se suele hablar de 'control de convencionalidad'. Sin embargo, su trasposición sin más, del campo del derecho internacional público al del derecho onstitucional, puede acarrear confusión con el clásico 'control de constitucionalidad', que comenzó en los Estados Unidos a partir del célebre caso 'Marbury v. Madison' del año 1803 y que se expandió por todo el mundo a lo largo del siglo XX. A su vez, deben distinguirse ambos instrumentos del llamado 'control de compatibilidad', que es un mecanismo diseñado por la Ley de Derechos Humanos británica de 1998. Lo que va a variar en cada uno de estos tres supuestos es la intensidad del control: en el control de constitucionalidad, se producen distintos efectos, que van desde la inaplicación al caso concreto hasta la derogación, según el sistema difuso o concentrado. El 'control de convencionalidad'implica que se responsabiliza al Estado infractor de una disposición de un tratado en sede internacional. El de compatibilidad se limita a constatar la incongruencia de la normativa doméstica con la internacional. ; The expression 'conventionality control' is being used increasingly. It is a notion that derives from international law. However, constitutionalists sometimes tend to confuse this idea with judicial review, which started in the United States in 1803 ('Marbury v. Madison'). Judicial review was extended worldwide during the 20th century. 'Compatibility control' is entirely different, becoming effective after the Human Rights Act was passed by the United Kingdom Parliament in 1998. Intensity of control varies accordingly: judicial review mechanisms range from inapplicability in decentralized systems, to outright repeal in centralized ones. 'Conventionality control' implies that the State will be liable internationally if a treaty is not fully observed. 'Compatibility control' declares an inconsistency between domestic and international rules.

This article presents a bibliographical review and several reflections on the Colombian institutional design for the control of power. Its main objective is to highlight the shortcomings of the system of political and judicial control in Colombia. It also shows the evolution that since the beginning of the republican life has had the constitutional scheme as a dam to contain power. The Colombian case is framed in the reflection on globalization and the incidence that this phenomenon has on the formation of new rights and new tools for political control and the recognition of rights. ; Este articulo presenta una revisión bibliográfica y reflexiones varias sobre el diseño institucional colombiano para el control del poder. Su objetivo principal es el de evidenciar las falencias que presenta el sistema de control político y judicial en Colombia. También muestra la evolución que desde los inicios de la vida republicana ha tenido el esquema constitucional como dique de contención del poder. Se enmarca el caso colombiano en la reflexión sobre la globalización y la incidencia que este fenómeno tiene en la formación de nuevo derecho y de nuevas herramientas para el control político y el reconocimiento de derechos.

Resumen Aquí se expone un diagnóstico de los principales problemas económicos que afrontan los países capitalistas desarrollados en la actualidad y se defiende un conjunto de políticas de corte keynesiano para solucionar esos problemas, vale decir, para lograr un adecuado control de la economía; se critica la teoría ortodoxa de la política económica y, sobre todo, la corriente monetarista, versión antagónica de aquella que defiende el autor. Entre las políticas para lograr un manejo adecuado de la economía se incluyen las que se refieren al desenvolvimiento económico de largo plazo y a los aspectos internacionales de la actividad económica y de su control eficiente. Abstract This work is a diagnosis of the main economic problems to be found in the developed capitalist countries. It is also a defense of Keynesian policies, which could be implanted to the solve these problems, namely, to achieve an adequate control of the economy. This defense implies a criticism of traditional theory of economic policy, special/y the monetarist tendency which opposes the theory followed by the author. When considering the policies which might achieve an adequate economic control, the author refers to the long run economic development; the international aspects of the economic activity and its efficient control. Palabras claves: políticas keynesianas en los países capitalistas desarrollados, disyuntivas económicas.

This article presents a bibliographical review and several reflections on the Colombian institutional design for the control of power. Its main objective is to highlight the shortcomings of the system of political and judicial control in Colombia. It also shows the evolution that since the beginning of the republican life has had the constitutional scheme as a dam to contain power. The Colombian case is framed in the reflection on globalization and the incidence that this phenomenon has on the formation of new rights and new tools for political control and the recognition of rights. ; Este articulo presenta una revisión bibliográfica y reflexiones varias sobre el diseño institucional colombiano para el control del poder. Su objetivo principal es el de evidenciar las falencias que presenta el sistema de control político y judicial en Colombia. También muestra la evolución que desde los inicios de la vida republicana ha tenido el esquema constitucional como dique de contención del poder. Se enmarca el caso colombiano en la reflexión sobre la globalización y la incidencia que este fenómeno tiene en la formación de nuevo derecho y de nuevas herramientas para el control político y el reconocimiento de derechos.

Objective: to analyze the establishment of bonding between health professionals from the Family Health Strategy team of Rocinha/RJ with users suffering from tuberculosis (TB). Method: this was a descriptive study with a quantitative approach. A questionnaire was applied to 145 health care professionals containing questions related to bonding. Results: 95,15% of interviewees responded that patients are always assisted by the same professional in the team each time they demand health assistance. All interviewees stated that they search for users when they miss appointments or do not attend medicine scheduled intakes, or do not pick up medication in the correct date. Conclusion: through the obtained data and only based on the interviewed professionals, we can infer that there are situations that may characterize bonding.

Résumé Opérant dans un cadre institutionnel contraignant, les policiers dont le métier présente des risques et des tentations multiples peuvent à l'occasion de leurs actes voir leur responsabilité engagée sur un plan disciplinaire, pénal et quasi disciplinaire lorsqu'ils agissent dans le cadre d'une enquête judiciaire. L'activité des services traditionnels de contrôle témoigne de cet encadrement. L'autorité judiciaire se voit par ailleurs investie de pouvoirs de contrôle accrus. Ces contrôles montrent cependant leurs limites, aussi, depuis quelques années, d'autres formes de contrôle ont-elles vu le jour. La création d'une autorité indépendante, la Commission nationale de déontologie de la sécurité, en est un exemple. À une approche purement disciplinaire des droits et des devoirs se substitue progressivement une approche déontologique fondée sur une recherche de plus grand professionnalisme. Cet article n'engage que son auteur.

Given the constraining institutional framework within which they operate, policemen whose job presents numerous risks and temptations may, on occasion, be held responsible for their actions at a disciplinary, criminal or quasi-criminal level, whenever they are engaged in a judicial inquiry. The activity of the traditional services of control is an example of this supervision. The judicial authority has also been granted additional powers of control. But the limits of this controlling power have been S U M M A R I E S 172 exposed and therefore additional forms of control have been introduced in the recent period, such as the creation of an independent national commission of deontology of the security forces. The purely disciplinary approach of rights and duties is being gradually replaced by a deontological approach based on the search for a greater professionalism. Adapted from the source document.