Suchergebnisse

Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV = maedi-visna in sheep and caprine arthritis encephalitis in goats) are distributed throughout most countries of the world, particularly Europe. Laboratories from 16 European countries established collaborations within the framework of a COST (CO-operation in the field of Scientific and Technical Research) action sponsored by the European Union in order to (i) better organize their research programmes on SRLVs and (ii) to coordinate efforts to combat these two diseases. After five years, a consensus conference – the first one in the veterinary medicine field – concluded the work of this network of laboratories by reviewing the present position and discussing three important questions in the field of SRLVs: routes of transmission, consequences of infection and potential role of eradication programmes at either a European or local level, according to the situation in each country or region. This paper brings together existing information regarding these questions and identifies areas for future research. ; This work was supported by funds from EU through the COST action 834.

International audience ; Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV = maedi-visna in sheep and caprine arthritis encephalitis in goats) are distributed throughout most countries of the world, particularly Europe. Laboratories from 16 European countries established collaborations within the framework of a COST (CO-operation in the field of Scientific and Technical Research) action sponsored by the European Union in order to (i) better organize their research programmes on SRLVs and (ii) to coordinate efforts to combat these two diseases. After five years, a consensus conference - the first one in the veterinary medicine field - concluded the work of this network of laboratories by reviewing the present position and discussing three important questions in the field of SRLVs: routes of transmission, consequences of infection and potential role of eradication programmes at either a European or local level, according to the situation in each country or region. This paper brings together existing information regarding these questions and identifies areas for future research.

Today the world observes the International Day for the Eradication of Poverty, first commemorated in Paris in 1987 and subsequently receiving official designation by the United Nations. It is a day for renewing commitment to the human project - to enable universal human development, making it possible for all humans to achieve their highest potential - and to reflect on poverty, how it thwarts human development, and how it might disappear. The challenge is not new, but it achieves new urgency as we start to emerge from the COVID-19 pandemic and realize that the damage it caused, to well-being and human development, was deeply intensified by poverty. This volume aims for accelerated growth of knowledge about poverty, its causes and consequences, its links to crises and disasters, its connections to inequality and fairness, the direction and speed of its trajectory in different contexts, and strategies for reducing it and their assessment.

Intro -- DRUG POLICIES, ADDICTION AND ERADICATION -- DRUG POLICIES, ADDICTION AND ERADICATION -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 INTERNATIONAL DRUG CONTROL POLICY -- Abstract -- Introduction -- U.S. National Drug Control Strategy -- Agency Roles -- International Drug Control Tools -- Multilateral Cooperation -- Foreign Assistance Sanctions -- "Drug Majors" and the Certificate Process -- Methamphetamine Precursor Chemicals -- Crop Eradiction -- Alternative Development -- Interdiction -- Anti-Money Laundering Efforts -- Extradition -- Institutional Capacity Building -- Legislative Issues for the 111th Congress -- Merida Initiative -- Plan Columbia and the Andean Counterdrug Program -- Afghanistan Counterdrug Programs -- Alternative Policy Approaches -- Rebalance Current Drug Policy Tools -- Emphasize "Hard Side" of Counternarcotics Policy -- Emphasize "Soft Side" of Counternarcotics Policy -- Emphasize Drug Demand Reduction -- Reevaluate Prohibitionist Drug Regime -- Legalize Illegal Drugs -- Decriminalize Illegal Drugs -- Allow Government-Supervised Drug Use for Addicts -- Expand International Criminal Court Jurisdiction -- References -- Chapter 2 U.S. ASSISTANCE HAS HELPED MEXICAN COUNTERNARCOTICS EFFORTS, BUT THE FLOW OF ILLICIT DRUGS INTO THE UNITED STATES REMAINS HIGH -- Summary -- Background -- Illicit Drug Production and Trafficking by Mexican Drug Organizations Have Continued Virtually Unabated -- Corruption Persists within the Mexican Government -- Mexican DTOs Control Drug Trafficking in Mexico and Have Extended Their Reach into the United States -- U.S. Assistance Helped Mexico Improve Its Counternarcotics Efforts, but Coordination Can Be Improved -- Extraditions of Mexican Drug Traffickers Have Increased -- Efforts to Counter Money Laundering Are Progressing

Using a dynamic model of the control of an infectious disease, we derive the conditions under which eradication will be optimal. When eradication is feasible, the optimal program requires either a low vaccination rate or eradication. A high vaccination rate is never optimal. Under special conditions, the results are especially stark: the optimal policy is either not to vaccinate at all or to eradicate. Our analysis yields a cost–benefit rule for eradication, which we apply to the current initiative to eradicate polio.

The government of Joko Widodo - Jusuf Kalla at the beginning of this year is faced a fairly complicated issue related to the eradication of corruption. Corruption eradication's program which is launched by the goverment, really tested well with many variety of incident that shocked the law enforcement against corruption. A brave way of Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) establish Police Commissioner General Budi Gunawan as the suspects, get a praise from the public, but he gets a resistance from the police institution. This reaction is reasonable because the Commissioner General Budi Gunawan is a police officials who already have a KPK radar connection related to the fat bank accounts.

The focus of this paper is on the discussion and analysis of corruption eradication attempts in Indonesia with the Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi (KPK), The Corruption Eradication Commission) as its centre. As an activity, the commencement of the corruption eradication dates to the pre-Reformation Era. However, its presence is mainly in the form of the foundation of the anti-corruption body without playing real roles as a nominal anti-corruption institution. As a response towards pressure from the IMF, in 2002 the Corruption Eradication Commission was formed as a specialized institution to tackle chronic corruption issues strangling Indonesia in the era of Soeharto's New Order. Unfortunately, since its inception, there has been no president who is committed to the eradication attempts and therefore sided with the KPK. It is due to the commission's huge constitutional power (investigation, probing, tapping, arrest, and prosecution) and hence these frighten many corrupt officials. Numerous political elites have been arrested by the KPK such as ministers, governors, regents, mayors and law-enforcers top officials. Consequently, unsurprisingly the KPK faces multi-directional attacks attempting at its weakening through the arrests of its top leaders, iterating its ad-hock (can be dissolved at any time.) status, and the revision of KPK law. Therefore, the government should act firmly to provide protection and supports to the KPK against those potential threats aiming at weakening the commission, to block any legislation potentially lessening the functions of the KPK, and to make sure both KPK's top leaderships and average personnel are impartial and free of vested interests.