Suchergebnisse

1 figure.-- Work presented at the 9th Nanodays Workshop on Advanced Materials, Munich (Germany), Sept. 13-15, 2017 ; Intrinsically conducting polymers form the base for the development of plastic electronic devices and hold great promise in optoelectronic applications such as thin film organic field-effect transitors, OLEDS and solar cells. Control of morphology and aggregation states by nanostructuring is essential for improving the device performance. In the last decade, research has focused on liquid phase assembly processes. These afford conjugated polymers in the form of nanoparticles or nanowires, which are dispersible in aqueous dispersions and allow for the fabrication of thin films with well-defined characteristics from environmentally-friendly solutions. Moreover, the liquid phase self-assembly processes provide unique opportunities for the development of novel composite materials with graphene based materials [1, 2]. Here we present our results of our recent work on the development of novel composite materials based of graphene oxide and poly (3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) [3]. We show that liquid phase assembly processes in the presence of water-soluble graphene oxide sheets lead to the formation P3HT nanoparticles (P3HTNPs) in intimate contact with surrounding sheets of graphene oxide. During the synthesis, graphene oxide acts as a >good> solvent and induces important changes on the internal aggregation structure and the related interchain coupling. At the same time, the charge-transfer properties as a function of GO concentration are modified. Both effects are intimately coupled and lead to the stabilization of of P3HTNPs-GO donor-acceptor nanostructures offering improved charge transport and charge separation characteristics in thin films. ; Funding by EU (Project H2020-ITN 2014 642742), Spanish MINECO (ENE2013-48816-C5-5-R) and Government of Aragon (DGA-ESF-T66), is gratefully acknowledged.

Conducting polymers such as poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), polypyrrole (PPy), and polyaniline (PAni) have attracted great attention as promising electrodes that interface with biological organisms. However, weak and unstable adhesion of conducting polymers to substrates and devices in wet physiological environment has greatly limited their utility and reliability. Here, we report a general yet simple method to achieve strong adhesion of various conducting polymers on diverse insulating and conductive substrates in wet physiological environment. The method is based on introducing a hydrophilic polymer adhesive layer with a thickness of a few nanometers, which forms strong adhesion with the substrate and an interpenetrating polymer network with the conducting polymer. The method is compatible with various fabrication approaches for conducting polymers without compromising their electrical or mechanical properties. We further demonstrate adhesion of wet conducting polymers on representative bioelectronic devices with high adhesion strength, conductivity, and mechanical and electrochemical stability. Copyright ©2020 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC). ; National Science Foundation (CMMI-1661627) ; National Natural Science Foundation of China (51763010) ; National Natural Science Foundation of China (51963011) ; Technological Expertise & Academic Leaders Training Program of Jiangxi Province (20194BCJ22013) ; Research Project of State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration (MSV202013)

IIn the dense gel that is the intracellular matrix forming part of living cells electrochemical reactions take place provoking the interchange of ions and water with the surroundings. Systems containing conducting polymers mimic this feature of biological organs. In particular, conducting polymers are being studied as dual sensing-actuating reactive materials giving new multifunctional sensing-actuators, which allow the construction and theoretical description of artificial proprioceptive devices. Here films of polypyrrole/dodecyl benzene sulfonate (PPy-DBS) coating a platinum electrode were submitted to potential sweeps at different sweep rates in order to explore if the polymer reaction senses the working electrochemical conditions. The effective consumed electrical energy per cycle follows a fast decrease when the scan rate increases described by the addition of two exponential sensing functions. Moreover, the variation of the hysteresis from the parallel charge/potential loop with the scan rate is also described by the addition of two exponential functions. In both cases the exponential functions fitting results at low scan rates are related to reaction-driven conformational movements of the polymer chains, being closer to biochemical conformational and allosteric sensors. The second exponential functions fitting results at high scan rates are related to diffusion kinetic control, being closer to present electrochemical sensors. ; The research was supported by European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 641822 .

Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) is an organic mixed ion-electron conducting polymer. The PEDOT phase transports holes and is redox-active, whereas the PSS phase transports ions. When PEDOT is redox-switched between its semiconducting and conducting state, the electronic and optical properties of its bulk are controlled. Therefore, it is appealing to use this transition in electrochemical devices and to integrate those into large-scale circuits, such as display or memory matrices. Addressability and memory functionality of individual devices, within these matrices, are typically achieved by nonlinear current-voltage characteristics and bistability-functions that can potentially be offered by the semiconductor-conductor transition of redox polymers. However, low conductivity of the semiconducting state and poor bistability, due to self-discharge, make fast operation and memory retention impossible. We report that a ferroelectric polymer layer, coated along the counter electrode, can control the redox state of PEDOT. The polarization switching characteristics of the ferroelectric polymer, which take place as the coercive field is overcome, introduce desired nonlinearity and bistability in devices that maintain PEDOT in its highly conducting and fast-operating regime. Memory functionality and addressability are demonstrated in ferro-electrochromic display pixels and ferro-electrochemical transistors. ; Funding Agencies|Advanced Functional Materials Center at Linkoping University; Onnesj Foundation; Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation; Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research; Swedish Governmental Agency for Innovation Systems (VINNOVA) [2015-04859]; Swedish Research Council [2016-03979]

Hybrid materials consisting of organic semiconductors and molecular quantum bits promise to provide a novel platform for quantum spintronic applications. However, investigations of such materials, elucidating both the electrical and quantum dynamical properties of the same material have never been reported. Here the preparation of hybrid materials consisting of conducting polymers and molecular quantum bits is reported. Organic field-effect transistor measurements demonstrate that the favorable electrical properties are preserved in the presence of the qubits. Chemical doping introduces charge carriers into the material, and variable-temperature charge transport measurements reveal the existence of mobile charge carriers at temperatures as low as 15 K. Importantly, quantum coherence of the qubit is shown to be preserved up to temperatures of at least 30 K, that is, in the presence of mobile charge carriers. These results pave the way for employing such hybrid materials in novel molecular quantum spintronic architectures. ; This work received financial support from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under Grant Agreement 767227 (FET-OPEN project PETER), the Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), and the Carl Zeiss Foundation. The authors thank Benjamin Gerlach for experimental contributions at early stages of this work. The authors gratefully acknowledge useful discussions with James Borchert, Tobias Wollandt, and Dr. Hagen Klauk of the Max Planck Institute of Solid State Research in Stuttgart. The authors thank David Weißhaupt (IHT, University of Stuttgart) for cutting the transistor substrates. Open access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL.

A common way of determining the majority charge carriers of pristine and doped semiconducting polymers is to measure the sign of the Seebeck coefficient. However, a polarity change of the Seebeck coefficient has recently been observed to occur in highly doped polymers. Here, it is shown that the Seebeck coefficient inversion is the result of the density of states filling and opening of a hard Coulomb gap around the Fermi energy at high doping levels. Electrochemical n-doping is used to induce high carrier density (>1 charge/monomer) in the model system poly(benzimidazobenzophenanthroline) (BBL). By combining conductivity and Seebeck coefficient measurements with in situ electron paramagnetic resonance, UV–vis–NIR, Raman spectroelectrochemistry, density functional theory calculations, and kinetic Monte Carlo simulations, the formation of multiply charged species and the opening of a hard Coulomb gap in the density of states, which is responsible for the Seebeck coefficient inversion and drop in electrical conductivity, are uncovered. The findings provide a simple picture that clarifies the roles of energetic disorder and Coulomb interactions in highly doped polymers and have implications for the molecular design of next-generation conjugated polymers. ; Research funding the Swedish Research Council. Grant Number: 2020-03243 Olle Engkvists Stiftelse. Grant Number: 204-0256 European Commission. Grant Numbers: GA-955837, GA-799477 Swedish Government Strategic Research. Grant Number: 2009-00971 Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. Grant Numbers: EXC-2082/1-390761711, FA 1502/1-1 National Natural Science Foundation of China. Grant Number: 52173156 the Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research

A common way of determining the majority charge carriers of pristine and doped semiconducting polymers is to measure the sign of the Seebeck coefficient. However, a polarity change of the Seebeck coefficient has recently been observed to occur in highly doped polymers. Here, it is shown that the Seebeck coefficient inversion is the result of the density of states filling and opening of a hard Coulomb gap around the Fermi energy at high doping levels. Electrochemical n-doping is used to induce high carrier density (>1 charge/monomer) in the model system poly(benzimidazobenzophenanthroline) (BBL). By combining conductivity and Seebeck coefficient measurements with in situ electron paramagnetic resonance, UV-vis-NIR, Raman spectroelectrochemistry, density functional theory calculations, and kinetic Monte Carlo simulations, the formation of multiply charged species and the opening of a hard Coulomb gap in the density of states, which is responsible for the Seebeck coefficient inversion and drop in electrical conductivity, are uncovered. The findings provide a simple picture that clarifies the roles of energetic disorder and Coulomb interactions in highly doped polymers and have implications for the molecular design of next-generation conjugated polymers. ; Funding Agencies|Swedish Research CouncilSwedish Research CouncilEuropean Commission [2020-03243]; Olle Engkvists Stiftelse [204-0256]; European CommissionEuropean CommissionEuropean Commission Joint Research Centre [GA-955837, GA-799477]; Swedish Government Strategic Research Area in Materials Science on Functional Materials at Linkoping University [SFO-Mat-LiU 2009-00971]; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Germanys Excellence Strategy via the Excellence Cluster 3D Matter Made to OrderGerman Research Foundation (DFG) [EXC-2082/1-390761711]; Carl Zeiss Foundation; Deutsche ForschungsgemeinschaftGerman Research Foundation (DFG) [FA 1502/1-1]; National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaNational Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) [52173156]; Swedish Foundation for Strategic ResearchSwedish Foundation for Strategic Research [ITM17-0316]

Ladder-type "torsion-free" conducting polymers (e.g., polybenzimidazobenzophenanthroline (BBL)) can outperform "structurally distorted" donor–acceptor polymers (e.g., P(NDI2OD-T2)), in terms of conductivity and thermoelectric power factor. The polaron delocalization length is larger in BBL than in P(NDI2OD-T2), resulting in a higher measured polaron mobility. Structure–function relationships are drawn, setting material-design guidelines for the next generation of conducting thermoelectric polymers. ; Funded by: Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research Swedish Governmental Agency for Innovation Systems - VINNOVA. Grant Number: 2015-04859 Advanced Functional Materials Center at Linköping University. Grant Number: 2009-00971 Alexander von Humboldt Foundation

Premi extraordinari doctorat 2013-2014 ; The principal focus of this Thesis is the development and design of promising hybrid nanocomposites based on conducting polymers with the main objective of achieving applications in the field of biotechnology and biomedicine. The main lines of research can be summarized as follows;1) Preparation, characterization and evaluation of N-substituted polypyrrole derivatives and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) for electrochemical detection of dopamine, one of the neurotransmitters associated to neurological disorders. In order to examine this purpose, different strategies have been taken into account such as, polymerization method using individual or even combined conducting polymers, the incorporation of gold nanoparticles, the use of soft templates, and other approachs. 2) Design of synthetic amino acids bearing an EDOT group to develop peptide-PEDOT hybrids materials based on chemical similarity concepts. The conjugates have shown that the electrical and electrochemical properties of the conducting polymers are preserved. Therefore, one of their potential applications would be as candidates for the development of platforms with bioactive and bioelectrocompatible properties. 3) Preparation and characterization of organic hybrid materials formed by an all-conjugated polythiophene backbone andwell-defined polyethylene glycol (PEG) grafted chains, which have powerful applicability as active surfaces for the selective adsorption of proteins and as bioactive platforms. Among several factors which influence on the structure and properties of graft copolymers, one of the most important is the molecular weight of the PEG chains which provokes a considerably reduction in the backbone conjugation length. 4) Preparation and characterization of new bionanocomposites formed by PEDOT and CREKA, which is a biologically active linear pentapeptide. The incorporation of CREKA into a PEDOT matrix has been carried out under different experimental conditions and has shown a positive effect on the electrochemical properties of conducting polymer and indicating a favourable cellular proliferation due to the ability to bind fibrin. Some research findings provided in this Thesis have been published or accepted for publication in scientific journals: 1. An electroactive and biologically responsive hybrid conjugate based on chemical similarity. G. Fabregat, G. Ballano, E. Armelin, L. J. del Valle, C. Cativiela and C. Alemán, Polym. Chem., 2013, 4, 1412. 2.Hybrid materials consisting of an all-conjugated polythiophene backbone and grafted hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) chains. A.-D. Bendrea, G. Fabregat, L. Cianga, F. Estrany, L. J. del Valle, I. Cianga and C. Alemán, Polym. Chem., 2013,4, 2709. 3.Polythiophene-g-poly(ethylene glycol) graft copolymers for electroactive scaffolds.A.-D. Bendrea, G. Fabregat, J. Torras, S. Maione, L. Cianga, L. J. del Valle, I. Cianga and C. Alemán, J. Mater. Chem. B, 2013,1, 4135. 4.Design of hybrid conjugates based on chemical similarity.G. Fabregat, G. Ballano, J. Casanovas, A. D. Laurent, E. Armelin, Luis J. del Valle, C. Cativiela, D. Jacquemin and C. Alemán, RSC Adv., 2013, 3, 21069. 5.Controlling the morphology of poly(N -cyanoethylpyrrole). G. Fabregat, M. T. Casas, C. Alemán and E. Armelin, J. Phys. Chem. B, 2012, 116, 5064. 7.Ultrathin Films of Polypyrrole Derivatives for Dopamine Detection. G. Fabregat, E. Córdova-Mateo, E. Armelin, O. Bertran and C. Alemán. J. Phys. Chem. C, 2011, 115,14933.8.Nanostructured conducting polymer for dopamine detection.M. Martí, G. Fabregat, F. Estrany, C. Alemán and E. Armelin, J. Mater. Chem., 2010, 20, 10652. ; El propósito de la presente tesis es el desarrollo y diseño de nanocompuestos híbridos basados ??en polímeros conductores para su posterior aplicación en el campo de la biotecnología y la biomedicina. Las principales líneas de investigación se resumen de la siguiente manera; 1) Preparación, caracterización y evaluación de derivados N-sustituidos de polipirrol y poli(3,4-etilendioxitiofeno ) (PEDOT) para la detección electroquímica de la dopamina, uno de los neurotransmisores asociados a trastornos neurológicos. Para examinar este propósito, diferentes estrategias han sido consideradas, tales como; el método de polimerización empleando polímeros individuales o combinados, la incorporación de nanopartículas de oro, la utilización de templates, etc. 2) Diseño de aminoácidos sintéticos unidos covalentemente con un grupo EDOT y posterior desarrollo de materiales híbridos (péptido - PEDOT). Los materiales híbridos han demostrado conservar las propiedades eléctricas y electroquímicas del polímero base, siendo posibles candidatos para el desarrollo de plataformas bioactivas y bioelectrocompatible. 3) Preparación y caracterización de materiales híbridos orgánicos formados por una cadena principal de politiofeno y cadenas injertadas de polietilenglicol (PEG), los cuales tienen una elevada aplicabilidad como superficies activas para la adsorción selectiva de proteínas y como plataformas bioactivas. 4) Preparación y caracterización de nuevos bionanocomposites formados por PEDOT y CREKA, el cual es un pentapéptido lineal biológicamente activo. La incorporación de CREKA en una matriz de PEDOT se ha llevado a cabo en diferentes condiciones experimentales, y ha demostrado tener un efecto positivo sobre las propiedades electroquímicas del polímero conductor como también proporcionar una mejora en la proliferación celular debido a la capacidad de éste para unirse a la fibrina. Algunos resultados obtenidos en la presente Tesis han sido publicados o aceptados para su publicación en revistas científicas: 1. An electroactive and biologically responsive hybrid conjugate based on chemical similarity. G. Fabregat, G. Ballano, E. Armelin, L. J. del Valle, C. Cativiela and C. Alemán, Polym. Chem., 2013, 4, 1412. 2. Hybrid materials consisting of an all-conjugated polythiophene backbone and grafted hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) chains. A.-D. Bendrea, G. Fabregat, L. Cianga, F. Estrany, L. J. del Valle, I. Cianga and C. Alemán, Polym. Chem., 2013,4, 2709. 3. Polythiophene-g-poly(ethylene glycol) graft copolymers for electroactive scaffolds.A.-D. Bendrea, G. Fabregat, J. Torras, S. Maione, L. Cianga, L. J. del Valle, I. Cianga and C. Alemán, J. Mater. Chem. B, 2013,1, 4135. 4.Design of hybrid conjugates based on chemical similarity.G. Fabregat, G. Ballano, J. Casanovas, A. D. Laurent, E. Armelin, Luis J. del Valle, C. Cativiela, D. Jacquemin and C. Alemán, RSC Adv., 2013, 3, 21069. 5. Controlling the morphology of poly(N -cyanoethylpyrrole).G. Fabregat, M. T. Casas, C. Alemán and E. Armelin, J. Phys. Chem. B, 2012, 116, 5064. 7. Ultrathin Films of Polypyrrole Derivatives for Dopamine Detection. G. Fabregat, E. Córdova-Mateo, E. Armelin, O. Bertran and C. Alemán. J. Phys. Chem. C, 2011, 115,14933.8.Nanostructured conducting polymer for dopamine detection.M. Martí, G. Fabregat, F. Estrany, C. Alemán and E. Armelin, J. Mater. Chem., 2010, 20, ; Award-winning ; Postprint (published version)

Premi extraordinari doctorat 2013-2014 ; The principal focus of this Thesis is the development and design of promising hybrid nanocomposites based on conducting polymers with the main objective of achieving applications in the field of biotechnology and biomedicine. The main lines of research can be summarized as follows;1) Preparation, characterization and evaluation of N-substituted polypyrrole derivatives and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) for electrochemical detection of dopamine, one of the neurotransmitters associated to neurological disorders. In order to examine this purpose, different strategies have been taken into account such as, polymerization method using individual or even combined conducting polymers, the incorporation of gold nanoparticles, the use of soft templates, and other approachs. 2) Design of synthetic amino acids bearing an EDOT group to develop peptide-PEDOT hybrids materials based on chemical similarity concepts. The conjugates have shown that the electrical and electrochemical properties of the conducting polymers are preserved. Therefore, one of their potential applications would be as candidates for the development of platforms with bioactive and bioelectrocompatible properties. 3) Preparation and characterization of organic hybrid materials formed by an all-conjugated polythiophene backbone andwell-defined polyethylene glycol (PEG) grafted chains, which have powerful applicability as active surfaces for the selective adsorption of proteins and as bioactive platforms. Among several factors which influence on the structure and properties of graft copolymers, one of the most important is the molecular weight of the PEG chains which provokes a considerably reduction in the backbone conjugation length. 4) Preparation and characterization of new bionanocomposites formed by PEDOT and CREKA, which is a biologically active linear pentapeptide. The incorporation of CREKA into a PEDOT matrix has been carried out under different experimental conditions and has shown a positive effect on the electrochemical properties of conducting polymer and indicating a favourable cellular proliferation due to the ability to bind fibrin. Some research findings provided in this Thesis have been published or accepted for publication in scientific journals: 1. An electroactive and biologically responsive hybrid conjugate based on chemical similarity. G. Fabregat, G. Ballano, E. Armelin, L. J. del Valle, C. Cativiela and C. Alemán, Polym. Chem., 2013, 4, 1412. 2.Hybrid materials consisting of an all-conjugated polythiophene backbone and grafted hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) chains. A.-D. Bendrea, G. Fabregat, L. Cianga, F. Estrany, L. J. del Valle, I. Cianga and C. Alemán, Polym. Chem., 2013,4, 2709. 3.Polythiophene-g-poly(ethylene glycol) graft copolymers for electroactive scaffolds.A.-D. Bendrea, G. Fabregat, J. Torras, S. Maione, L. Cianga, L. J. del Valle, I. Cianga and C. Alemán, J. Mater. Chem. B, 2013,1, 4135. 4.Design of hybrid conjugates based on chemical similarity.G. Fabregat, G. Ballano, J. Casanovas, A. D. Laurent, E. Armelin, Luis J. del Valle, C. Cativiela, D. Jacquemin and C. Alemán, RSC Adv., 2013, 3, 21069. 5.Controlling the morphology of poly(N -cyanoethylpyrrole). G. Fabregat, M. T. Casas, C. Alemán and E. Armelin, J. Phys. Chem. B, 2012, 116, 5064. 7.Ultrathin Films of Polypyrrole Derivatives for Dopamine Detection. G. Fabregat, E. Córdova-Mateo, E. Armelin, O. Bertran and C. Alemán. J. Phys. Chem. C, 2011, 115,14933.8.Nanostructured conducting polymer for dopamine detection.M. Martí, G. Fabregat, F. Estrany, C. Alemán and E. Armelin, J. Mater. Chem., 2010, 20, 10652. ; El propósito de la presente tesis es el desarrollo y diseño de nanocompuestos híbridos basados ??en polímeros conductores para su posterior aplicación en el campo de la biotecnología y la biomedicina. Las principales líneas de investigación se resumen de la siguiente manera; 1) Preparación, caracterización y evaluación de derivados N-sustituidos de polipirrol y poli(3,4-etilendioxitiofeno ) (PEDOT) para la detección electroquímica de la dopamina, uno de los neurotransmisores asociados a trastornos neurológicos. Para examinar este propósito, diferentes estrategias han sido consideradas, tales como; el método de polimerización empleando polímeros individuales o combinados, la incorporación de nanopartículas de oro, la utilización de templates, etc. 2) Diseño de aminoácidos sintéticos unidos covalentemente con un grupo EDOT y posterior desarrollo de materiales híbridos (péptido - PEDOT). Los materiales híbridos han demostrado conservar las propiedades eléctricas y electroquímicas del polímero base, siendo posibles candidatos para el desarrollo de plataformas bioactivas y bioelectrocompatible. 3) Preparación y caracterización de materiales híbridos orgánicos formados por una cadena principal de politiofeno y cadenas injertadas de polietilenglicol (PEG), los cuales tienen una elevada aplicabilidad como superficies activas para la adsorción selectiva de proteínas y como plataformas bioactivas. 4) Preparación y caracterización de nuevos bionanocomposites formados por PEDOT y CREKA, el cual es un pentapéptido lineal biológicamente activo. La incorporación de CREKA en una matriz de PEDOT se ha llevado a cabo en diferentes condiciones experimentales, y ha demostrado tener un efecto positivo sobre las propiedades electroquímicas del polímero conductor como también proporcionar una mejora en la proliferación celular debido a la capacidad de éste para unirse a la fibrina. Algunos resultados obtenidos en la presente Tesis han sido publicados o aceptados para su publicación en revistas científicas: 1. An electroactive and biologically responsive hybrid conjugate based on chemical similarity. G. Fabregat, G. Ballano, E. Armelin, L. J. del Valle, C. Cativiela and C. Alemán, Polym. Chem., 2013, 4, 1412. 2. Hybrid materials consisting of an all-conjugated polythiophene backbone and grafted hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) chains. A.-D. Bendrea, G. Fabregat, L. Cianga, F. Estrany, L. J. del Valle, I. Cianga and C. Alemán, Polym. Chem., 2013,4, 2709. 3. Polythiophene-g-poly(ethylene glycol) graft copolymers for electroactive scaffolds.A.-D. Bendrea, G. Fabregat, J. Torras, S. Maione, L. Cianga, L. J. del Valle, I. Cianga and C. Alemán, J. Mater. Chem. B, 2013,1, 4135. 4.Design of hybrid conjugates based on chemical similarity.G. Fabregat, G. Ballano, J. Casanovas, A. D. Laurent, E. Armelin, Luis J. del Valle, C. Cativiela, D. Jacquemin and C. Alemán, RSC Adv., 2013, 3, 21069. 5. Controlling the morphology of poly(N -cyanoethylpyrrole).G. Fabregat, M. T. Casas, C. Alemán and E. Armelin, J. Phys. Chem. B, 2012, 116, 5064. 7. Ultrathin Films of Polypyrrole Derivatives for Dopamine Detection. G. Fabregat, E. Córdova-Mateo, E. Armelin, O. Bertran and C. Alemán. J. Phys. Chem. C, 2011, 115,14933.8.Nanostructured conducting polymer for dopamine detection.M. Martí, G. Fabregat, F. Estrany, C. Alemán and E. Armelin, J. Mater. Chem., 2010, 20, ; Award-winning ; Postprint (published version)