In 2000 the Australasian Native Orchid Society, Victorian Group Inc. (ANOS Vic) made the decision to become proactive in orchid conservation. It was appar- ent that government organisations were over stretched when it came to devoting the resources needed to protect our native orchids and that as a society we could assist in many ways. ; In 2000 the Australasian Native Orchid Society, Victorian Group Inc. (ANOS Vic) made the decision to become proactive in orchid conservation. It was appar- ent that government organisations were over stretched when it came to devoting the resources needed to protect our native orchids and that as a society we could assist in many ways.
Rapid climatic and socio-economic changes challenge current agricultural R&D capacity. The necessary quantum leap in knowledge generation should build on the innovation capacity of farmers themselves. A novel citizen science methodology, triadic comparisons of technologies or tricot, was implemented in pilot studies in India, East Africa, and Central America. The methodology involves distributing a pool of agricultural technologies in different combinations of three to individual farmers who observe these technologies under farm conditions and compare their performance. Since the combinations of three technologies overlap, statistical methods can piece together the overall performance ranking of the complete pool of technologies. The tricot approach affords wide scaling, as the distribution of trial packages and instruction sessions is relatively easy to execute, farmers do not need to be organized in collaborative groups, and feedback is easy to collect, even by phone. The tricot approach provides interpretable, meaningful results and was widely accepted by farmers. The methodology underwent improvement in data input formats. A number of methodological issues remain: integrating environmental analysis, capturing gender-specific differences, stimulating farmers' motivation, and supporting implementation with an integrated digital platform. Future studies should apply the tricot approach to a wider range of technologies, quantify its potential contribution to climate adaptation, and embed the approach in appropriate institutions and business models, empowering participants and democratizing science. ; Peer Review
This paper discusses the motivations of women doing unpaid work in refuges and rape crisis centres at the international level. The limitations of existing literature are discussed and new data presented, concluding that women's motivations are multiple and complex with feminist political motivations and personal experience being significant factors in the decision to become involved. ; Cet article discute des motifs des femmes qui font du travail bénévole dans des centres de réfugiés et dans des centres pour victimes de viol au niveau international. Les limites de la littérature existante sont discutées et les nouvelles données sont présentées en concluant que les motifs des femmes sont multiples et complexes, avec la motivation féministe politique et l'expérience personnelle étant des facteurs important dans leur prise de décision.
POVERTY has a central position in the title of this conference report. The complexity of poverty is considered, its roots or causes, expressions or consequences. It is supposed that the problem of poverty as a multifarious humanitarian and political phenomenon can be solved. It is also a diversified scientific problem to be approached in various ways. GENDER is the first keyword. Gender perspectives dominate the contributions from on-going or completed studies. It is well known that women and children are the first victims of poverty, not only in poor but also in wealthy countries. In this report women are not reduced to the rôle of victims. They are seen as they are, influential agents of change. CHURCH INVOLVEMENT indicates a practical arena. In most churches women are in majority. Their strength is considerable in all spheres of social life. Individuals, local congregations and national churches are acting in relation to poverty, famine, diseases and injustices. Christians and churches have been and still are instruments of change. Schools, clinics and community welfare programmes are instrumental, sometimes but not always with liberating effects. Churches can also be parts of strong repressive systems. Many examples presented in Gender, Poverty and Church Involvement concern Africa, the poverty-stricken continent and the stronghold of Christianity. Together with examples from Asia and Latin America they illuminate universal patterns of ideas, actions and organisations. Problems and solutions are seen as interrelated on a global scale. The research conference Gender, Poverty and Church Involvement was organised by the Swedish Institute of Mission Research with the support of the faculties of Medicine, Law and Theology at Uppsala University.
The main objective of this study is to explore the impact that the successful completion of a course will have in the early years of adulthood in Portugal, in particular, in the civic and political participation, as well as in the respect for social values and norms, among others issues. A longitudinal methodology was applied in order to follow up students from the first years of primary school until the last years of the twenties, coinciding with the period of the Bologna Process. The sample was composed of 893 subjects, 445 of the 2nd grade and 448 of the 4th grade. Subsequently, the participants were divided into two groups (those who have completed a degree and those who did not) that were compared on several measures relating to the areas in question. Data were collected using a battery of instruments, including structured interviews and several instruments in order to evaluate: civic participation, community involvement, social development and adherence to norms and social values. We found significant differences with advantage to those that have concluded courses in the following aspects: community involvement and the importance given to community involvment. These scores include the level and the importance given to civic participation. The results confirm the existence of an effect, as reported in other countries, from higher education in the civic and political involvement of young adults, which is felt several years after finishing studies. An inference that can be drawn is that we should put more emphasis on education (formal or informal) directed to promote a school environment conducive to the development of skills, values, attitudes and behaviors that contribute to increasing the civic and political participation of students.
International audience ; In light of local community's involvement and urban dynamics, this paper sheds light on the cultural management of St-Louis Island, a former French colonial settlement. This ethnographic study comes from a field project undertaken since 2014. Put on the Unesco World Heritage List (WHL) in 2000, St-Louis has undergone deep demographic and urban changes, unfavorable to the colonial architecture, which is at the core of the heritage safeguarding initiative, and to the local inhabitants, tourists and visitors. This series of problems facing the preservation programme could be explained and resolved if issues of memory and community involvment were taken more seriously, rather than letting bureaucratic concern to protect the built heritage prevail. We argue that there is a discrepancy between the need of memory affirmation, community identity politics, and the selection of the colonial legacy as embodied in the architectural fabric of ancient buildings. If this discordance is taken into account, conflicts and memory disputes besetting the preservation project could be conciliated by according greater attention to the current needs of local communities and the stake of preserving the colonial remnants. ; Dans cette communication, nous présentons la gestion patrimoniale de l'île de St-Louis, ancien comptoir colonial français du Sénégal sous le prisme de la marginalisation des populations locales dans les processus urbains. Cette analyse ethnographique est le fruit d'un travail de terrain entrepris depuis 2014. Inscrite sur la liste mondiale du patrimoine de l'Unesco en 2000, l'île de St-Louis est l'objet de profondes mutations démographiques et urbaines, défavorables à la fois à l'architecture coloniale – qui est au cœur des efforts de sauvegarde du patrimoine –, aux habitants, et aux visiteurs ou touristes. Cette problématique à laquelle le projet de préservation est confronté pourrait être tirée au clair si la question des mémoires et de l'implication des populations locales étaient au centre ...
What is it like to be a young person today in the territories governed by the Palestinian Authority? In 1987 Palestinian youth became massively involved in the first Intifada, convinced that their struggle would lead to the establishment of a Palestinian state. In 1993 the Oslo Accords seemed to bring them closer to that goal. Since that time, however, hope has given way to the despair that was at the heart of the second Intifada, launched in 2000. While most of them held onto a national political objective, they nevertheless became extremely pessimistic about its chances for success. The daily lives of these young people have deteriorated enormously; nevertheless they are preoccupied with many things besides political and geopolitical affairs: their studies, work, religion, relationships etc. During the first Intifada, peoples private and public lives could merge quite easily as they were focused on their high expectations towards the national objective. Activism seemed to be a way of improving their lot in many aspects of their life. But that is no longer true. Their involvement has become something essential, yet hopeless. Pénélope Larzillière has been involved in field study work in the Palestinian territories for a number of years. She paints a striking portrait of these young people, whose daily lives are totally conditioned by the changing political situation but are not reduced to this. Here is a vision of the Intifada that reaches far beyond its mere political and diplomatic dimensions. It reveals its limits and inner tensions, as well as its most hidden motives.
What is it like to be a young person today in the territories governed by the Palestinian Authority? In 1987 Palestinian youth became massively involved in the first Intifada, convinced that their struggle would lead to the establishment of a Palestinian state. In 1993 the Oslo Accords seemed to bring them closer to that goal. Since that time, however, hope has given way to the despair that was at the heart of the second Intifada, launched in 2000. While most of them held onto a national political objective, they nevertheless became extremely pessimistic about its chances for success. The daily lives of these young people have deteriorated enormously; nevertheless they are preoccupied with many things besides political and geopolitical affairs: their studies, work, religion, relationships etc. During the first Intifada, peoples private and public lives could merge quite easily as they were focused on their high expectations towards the national objective. Activism seemed to be a way of improving their lot in many aspects of their life. But that is no longer true. Their involvement has become something essential, yet hopeless. Pénélope Larzillière has been involved in field study work in the Palestinian territories for a number of years. She paints a striking portrait of these young people, whose daily lives are totally conditioned by the changing political situation but are not reduced to this. Here is a vision of the Intifada that reaches far beyond its mere political and diplomatic dimensions. It reveals its limits and inner tensions, as well as its most hidden motives.
Lel Somogyi of the Hungarian Cultural Garden discusses the garden's history and his involvment with the Cleveland Cultural Gardens Federation. Somogyi describes the garden's development within the historical context of Cleveland's Hungarian community, as well as within the context of American history and culture, and global political events. Somogyi's father was a member of the Hungarian Parliament prior to World War II, and came to the United States as a political refugee as the war heightened. Somogyi remains involved in Hungarian ethnic activities in the Cleveland area and maintains a website dedicated to the Hungarian Garden (http://www.hungarianculturalgarden.org).
Education problems in remore areas in the border province at Central Kalimantan have long been identified but minor policy has been induced to solve. This paper anylize practices to overcome problems all stakeholders may tparticipate though a concept of negotiation of education empowerment. Basically, education problems in Central Kalimantan include: isolated and remoted area, low perception on education impact for children, low societal participation on education, paucityof education nuancein public areas, low social-economy of hinterland people, short number of teachers assigned in hinterland areas, ineffective menagement of teachers distribution and control. At the secondary and senior level, availablity of SMP and SMA schools nearby has been crucial to solve. Negotiation among stakeholders to overcome the basic education problems are required to facilitate facilities, empowerment, participations, and involvments of community, parents, schildren and traditional head, and government.
Integration via economic activity (IEA) gathers different structures (associations andcompanies) that set to work unemployed in difficulty so that they may have a subsequent accessto employment. This thesis studies the action of federations of agencies for integration.Positioned at the interface between political and administrative officials and experts ofstructures for integration, these federations try to regulate tension and controverses within theIAE area. From an ethnographic survey based on participant observations and interviews withstakeholders of the IAE, this research first emphasizes strategic alliances and resistancebetween federations. The thesis then questions the involvment of the federations in the reformsof the IAE. If they claim to represent the interests of the IAE stakeholders, they also set themselves as representatives of government demands as far as «performance» and «goodmanagement» are concerned. Finally, this research shows the arrival of a new generation ofexperts in job integration, whose social trajectories and individual ambitions are ajusted to theneeds and expectations of these federations. This thesis is at the crossroads of a communitywork sociology and of policies in the field of employment and integration, and it also intendsto shed light on the problem of the social policies transformations implemented by theassociations. ; L'insertion par l'activité économique (IAE) regroupe des associations et des entreprises quimettent au travail des chômeurs « en difficulté » afin de faciliter leur accès ultérieur à l'emploi.Cette thèse se penche sur l'action des fédérations de structures d'insertion. Positionnées àl'interface entre les responsables politiques et administratifs et les professionnels des structuresd'insertion, ces fédérations tentent de réguler les tensions et les controverses au sein de l'espacede l'IAE. À partir d'une enquête ethnographique reposant sur des observations participantes etdes entretiens avec des acteurs de l'IAE, cette recherche met d'abord l'accent sur les ...
A review essay on books by: Robert Boyer & Jean-Pierre Durand, L'Apres-Fordisme ([Post-Fordism] Paris: Syros, 1993); Jean-Pierre Durand (Ed), Vers un nouveau modele productif ([Toward a New Model of Production] Paris: Syros, 1993); & Alain Lipietz, Towards a New Economic Order. Post-Fordism, Ecology and Democracy (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1989 [see listings in IRPS No. 81]). Boyer & Durand examine the role of state interventionism & the character of the new productivism of emerging world order. The principles, organization, & wage relations of the new productive model are described. Its development requires new types of collective/state action, eg, development of transport & telecommunications infrastructures, synergies between public research & industry, & strategies of technology transfer. The Durand volume also examines the new productive order, but with skepticism. The development of flexible mass production & the transformation of the principles of Taylorism/Fordism have occurred, but the transformation is uneven, watered down, & not qualitatively new. Refinement rather than replacement of principles is the key process at work in the economic order. Lipietz examines the postwar economic model, analyzes the strengths & weaknesses of the emerging liberal productivism, & presents a compromise economic order based on three elements; (1) a new wages pact characterized by worker involvment, productivity & quality, full employment, & increased free time; (2) development of the welfare state into the welfare community & establishment of self-managed community work schemes; & (3) the internationalist demand for a new multilateral world order. 1 Figure. D. Generoli
As the deadline for completion of the European internal market approaches, tax harmonisation becomes the major concern on the European policy agenda. Until now, the debate has only focused on the taxes which have direct incidence on the process of removing fron tiers barriers : indirect taxes and taxation of income from financial assets. Though the changes are likely to be very small and partial in the short term, the need for some modifications in national tax systems offers good opportunity for more general reflexion about the rationale of tax structures in Europe. This reflexion has to take into account the constraints induced by complete market integration and the necessities of allowing for some national specificities that are likely to persist, such as differences in demographic trends or in the degree of public sector involvment in the supply of certain goods and social services. Moreover, the prospect of monetary unification calls for discussion of how instruments and responsabilities ought to be shared in matter of stabilisation policy. First we analyse the major differences between existing national tax systems in Europe, the United-States and Japan, and present the current state of Community finance. We then briefly discuss the general economic principles of taxation. In the third section different ways of harmonising taxes are explored, trying to reconcile the constraints of harmonisation and the national specificities and sovereignties. These general conclusions are then applied to more detailed study of those taxes that ought to be harmonised taxes on financial assets income, corporate income taxes, VAT and excise duties or possibly transfered to the Community level in the event of an increase in the size of the Community budget. Finally we use the MIMOSA multinational macromodel to simulate the short and medium run macroeconomic consequences of various harmonisation hypotheses.
Integration via economic activity (IEA) gathers different structures (associations andcompanies) that set to work unemployed in difficulty so that they may have a subsequent accessto employment. This thesis studies the action of federations of agencies for integration.Positioned at the interface between political and administrative officials and experts ofstructures for integration, these federations try to regulate tension and controverses within theIAE area. From an ethnographic survey based on participant observations and interviews withstakeholders of the IAE, this research first emphasizes strategic alliances and resistancebetween federations. The thesis then questions the involvment of the federations in the reformsof the IAE. If they claim to represent the interests of the IAE stakeholders, they also set themselves as representatives of government demands as far as «performance» and «goodmanagement» are concerned. Finally, this research shows the arrival of a new generation ofexperts in job integration, whose social trajectories and individual ambitions are ajusted to theneeds and expectations of these federations. This thesis is at the crossroads of a communitywork sociology and of policies in the field of employment and integration, and it also intendsto shed light on the problem of the social policies transformations implemented by theassociations. ; L'insertion par l'activité économique (IAE) regroupe des associations et des entreprises quimettent au travail des chômeurs « en difficulté » afin de faciliter leur accès ultérieur à l'emploi.Cette thèse se penche sur l'action des fédérations de structures d'insertion. Positionnées àl'interface entre les responsables politiques et administratifs et les professionnels des structuresd'insertion, ces fédérations tentent de réguler les tensions et les controverses au sein de l'espacede l'IAE. À partir d'une enquête ethnographique reposant sur des observations participantes etdes entretiens avec des acteurs de l'IAE, cette recherche met d'abord l'accent sur les stratégiesd'alliance et d'opposition entre fédérations. La thèse interroge ensuite la participation de cesdernières aux réformes de l'IAE. Si les fédérations se présentent comme les représentantes desintérêts des acteurs de l'IAE, elles se posent également en relais des injonctions de l'État enmatière de « performance » et de « bonne gestion ». Enfin, la recherche montre l'avènementd'une nouvelle génération d'experts de l'insertion, aux trajectoires sociales et aux aspirationsindividuelles ajustées aux attentes de ces fédérations. À la croisée d'une sociologie du travailassociatif et des politiques d'insertion et d'emploi, cette thèse entend apporter un éclairage à laquestion des transformations des politiques sociales mises en oeuvre par les associations.
