Suchergebnisse

Technological, economic and social trends are changing the context of communication policy. Determining the precise beginning of communication policy-making and the attendant idea of researching it systematically is difficult. It is often said to have begun with the emergence of telegraphy, telephony and wireless communication and not with the traditional mass media. Convergence, liberalization, commercialization, new media (e.g. the Internet and mobile communication), audience fragmentation and globalization are only a few of the more notable terms that describe this change. The question of how communication policy copes with these changes is not only of interest to academics but also of the highest societal relevance. Scholars are well aware of current and imminent changes; options for reforming communication policies and regulation are the subject of lively debates in the field. Communication policy research evolved from the outset as a multi-disciplinary field and domain of various academic disciplines from sociology and political science to law and economics, resulting in the coverage of a myriad of multi-faceted topics. The choice of subjects in communication policy research is affected by sociocultural, political, economic and technological forces that determine the overall framework for communication policy and regulation as well as by the many regulatory objectives in communication. Trends in communication policy research comprises the very latest developments in the theories, methods, and practical applications of the dynamic field of communication policy research. It aims to revive and foster such a discussion by offering an overview of and insights into current and future areas of inquiry in this contested policy field. The introductory chapter by Natascha Just and Manuel Puppis (Universität Zürich) looks into the history of

There is something for everyone to dislike about early twenty-first century copyright. Owners of content say that newer and better technologies have made it too easy to be a pirate. Easy copying, they say, threatens the basic incentive to create new works; new rights and remedies are needed to restore the balance. Academic critics instead complain that a growing copyright gives content owners dangerous levels of control over expressive works. In one version of this argument, this growth threatens the creativity and progress that copyright is supposed to foster; in another, it represents an "enclosure movement" that threatens basic freedoms of expression. Copyright, these critics argue, has wandered beyond its proper boundaries. They also contend that the balance must be restored. What all these arguments have in common is a focus on copyright's "authorship" function. Copyright policy, in this view, is fundamentally about providing a balance of incentives for authors to effectuate one of several possible goals, such as progress of science, democratic governance, or the system of free expression. Few disagree that these are the goals; the main disagreement is over what means best serve these ends. Yet the recent history of copyright forces us to ask whether this debate can capture what is right and wrong with the law. Both sides point to the same problem: a tragedy of authorship caused by their opponents. Critics of copyright say that aggressive over-enforcement deters those who would borrow from others to create, such as music samplers, satirists, and filmmakers. Copyright's backers warn, conversely, that piracy threatens the very livelihood of the artist and creative industries. The story of twin tragedies, however, creates an indeterminate debate. Both positions have difficulty demonstrating empirically, as opposed to anecdotally, that either overprotection or piracy has stilled the engines of creativity. Any putative change in copyright protection can both be defended as a necessary creative incentive and attacked as an unnecessary control.

There is something for everyone to dislike about early twenty-first century copyright. Owners of content say that new and better technologies of infringement have made it too easy to copy expressive works. Easy copying, they say, threatens the basic incentive to create new works; hence, new rights and remedies are needed to "restore the balance." Most academic critics complain, instead, that a newly enlarged copyright and new mechanisms of technological self-help give content owners unprecedented levels of control over content. This, in one version of the argument, threatens the creativity and progress that copyright is supposed to foster; in another, it represents an "enclosure movement" that threatens basic freedoms of expression. Copyright, these critics argue, has overgrown its proper boundaries. The balance, again, must be restored. What these arguments have in common is a focus on copyright's "authorship" function. Copyright policy must balance incentives and access costs to effectuate one of various constitutional goals: progress of science, democratic governance or the system of free expression. Few disagree that these are the goals: the main disagreement is over what means serve these ends.

Women's representation in the Media is gaining great significance in our region day by day. On reflecting on such an issue, many questions come to mind: Are women well pro-May Elian portionally represented in this field? Is their gender an obstacleto a career? Is it just a question of gender or capacity and qualifications?

Front Cover -- Half Title Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Introduction -- Chapter 1: Whom Do Law and Policy Serve? -- INTRODUCTION -- WHAT IS GOVERNMENT? WHAT IS THE STATE? -- WHAT IS POLICY? WHAT IS LAW? -- Natural Law Theory -- Positivist Legal Philosophy -- Indigenous Legal Systems and Legal Pluralism: Canada's Truth and Reconciliation Commission -- WHOM DO LAW AND GOVERNMENT SERVE? -- The Public Interest? -- Bureaucracy and Bureaucrats? -- The Privileged? -- CONCLUSION -- FURTHER READING -- NOTES -- Chapter 2: Introduction to the Canadian Legal System -- INTRODUCTION -- COMMON LAW AND CIVIL LAW SYSTEMS -- PUBLIC LAW AND PRIVATE LAW -- BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENT -- Legislature -- Judiciary -- Executive -- INDIGENOUS LAW -- FURTHER READING -- NOTES -- Chapter 3: Freedom of Expression and Censorship -- INTRODUCTION -- FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION -- Scope of Freedom of Expression and the Press -- Limits on Freedom of Expression and the Press -- Breadth of Freedom of Expression -- What Is a Press? -- TYPES OF LIMITS ON FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION AND THE PRESS -- What Is Censorship? -- Restrictions on Freedom of Expression in Canada -- WHOM DO LAWS RELATING TO SPEECH SERVE? -- The Public Interest? -- Bureaucracy and Bureaucrats? -- The Privileged? -- FURTHER READING -- NOTES -- Chapter 4: Defamation -- INTRODUCTION -- LIBEL AND SLANDER -- INTENT -- WHO CAN BE DEFAMED? -- DEFAMATION AND THE -- ELEMENTS OF DEFAMATION -- Defamation -- Publication -- Identification -- DEFENCES AND MITIGATING FACTORS -- Truth -- Privilege -- Fair Comment -- Responsible Communication on Matters of Public Interest -- Consent -- Innocent Dissemination -- Mitigation of Damages -- SLAPP -- CRIMINAL DEFAMATION -- WHOM DOES DEFAMATION LAW SERVE? -- The Public Interest? -- Bureaucracy and Bureaucrats? -- The Privileged? -- Indigenous and Postcolonial Analysis.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Original Title -- Original Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface and Acknowledgments -- I Communications and Development: The Parameters of Theory and Policy -- 1 Communications and National Development -- 2 Communications Policy and Planning -- 3 The Cultural Compass and the Transmission of Values -- 4 An International Survey of the Future of Broadcasting -- II The Role of Mass Communication in National Development: Facets of Innovation -- 5 Cultural Continuity and Change -- 6 The Governance of Mass Communication -- 7 Multi-Media Education -- 8 National Development Support Communication -- III National Experiences in Communications Policy -- 9 Integrated Development Support Communication in Dahomey -- 10 Communications Policy in Brazil -- 11 Communications Developments in India -- 12 The Role of Broadcasting in Iran: Report of a National Survey -- 13 Towards a National Communications Policy for Iran.

The objectives and mechanisms of the European Union (EU) communication policy are considered. The article is based on the author's definition of the EU political myths as the main messages of its official communications, which contain imaginative ideas about the values of the EU and a guide to action to achieve the ideal. Communication policy has been studied as a tool to preserve the sustainability of EU values and to consolidate them on the agenda. A review of the official sources and the works of European think tanks allowed us to reveal its transformations in modern conditions. They consist in greater wastefulness and regularity of communications, increased requirements for communicators. Official Brussels gives priority to active communications (conferences and other forms of discussion of norms and strategies involving stakeholders) as the most effective in terms of influencing public opinion and, presumably, uses triangulation tactics. In passive communications (in reports, brochures, communitations on the results of activities), transformations consist in the establishment of mandatory organization standards and criteria for submitting information - modernity, reasonableness, added value for the EU. Taking into account the experience of the EU, recommendations are given for the EAEU.

Cover -- Half title -- Titlepage -- Copyright page -- Contents -- List of Tables and Figures -- Notes on Contributors -- PART ONE Theories -- CHAPTER 1 Approaches to Communications Policy: An Introduction -- Policy and communications: in search of definitions -- Communications policy and the state -- The organization of this book -- CHAPTER 2 Mediating the Public through Policy -- Introduction -- Definitional approaches -- Defining media policy for the 21st century -- Exemplar media policy issues -- Conclusions -- Notes -- CHAPTER 3 The Age of Access? Information Policy and Social Progress -- Introduction -- The future of information policy -- Conclusion: towards the age of access -- CHAPTER 4 Media and Social Demand: Research at the Interface -- Policy studies/audience studies: issues at the interface -- Policy studies: one problem, two traditions -- Audience studies: consumers and citizens -- Regarding social demand -- Notes -- CHAPTER 5 The Development of a European Civil Society through EU Public Service Communication -- Introduction -- The context of Europe's communication deficit -- The significance of Europe's communication deficit -- A European audiovisual communication institution of public news journalism -- Notes -- PART TWO Issues -- CHAPTER 6 The Escalating War against Corporate Media -- The media reform movement comes to life -- Powell and Copps take the stage -- Beltway opposition stiffens -- Powell's three arguments -- Opposition grows beyond the beltway -- Left and right join the fight -- From the FCC to Congress -- Notes -- CHAPTER 7 The Role of the European Institutions in National Media Regulation -- Introduction -- Convergence in national media policies -- Conclusion -- Notes -- CHAPTER 8 Public Broadcasters in the Digital Age -- The position of the public service broadcasters in Europe -- Old challenges, new challenges.