Suchergebnisse

The purpose of the article is to assess the existence of dependence between commercial banks activity and macroeconomic indicators in Lithuania. Methods used: correlation and regression analysis of Baltic States commercial banks dependent variables (net profit, return of assets (ROA), return of equity (ROE), net interest margin (NIM) and independent country's macroeconomic indicators (GDP growth, foreign direct investment, average monthly gross salary, foreign trade balance, state budget, government debt, inflation and unemployment rate). Equations of correlation and regression analysis can be useful tool for planning a follow-up of commercial banks activities in Baltic States in short-term period. Correlation regression analysis was completed 4 times with 4 different dependent variables of Baltic States commercial banks. It was found out that the activities of Baltic States commercial banks dependence on macroeconomic indicators during investigated period differs.

The past development of social marketing theory and practice has been based largely on the translation of ideas and practices from conventional, commercial marketing. The application of a customer orientation and conventional marketing techniques has often successfully revolutionized the pursuit of social goals and has led to the growing popularity of social marketing. There is, however, a danger that an over-emphasis on the direct translation of mainstream marketing principles and practices into social contexts may create practical problems and also confusion regarding the theoretical basis of social marketing. This paper provides a critique of the development of social marketing theory and its reliance on mainstream commercial marketing. It argues that social marketing's future development may depend upon a better understanding of, and emphasis on, the differences between the social and commercial contexts. The paper concludes that social marketing needs the developmentof its own distinctive vocabulary, ideas and tools. To achieve this, there may beopportunities for theorists to follow the example of other marketing sub-disciplines, and also to reach back directly into the disciplines on which marketing is founded, including economics, psychology, sociology and communications theory, in search of new and better-adapted practices and theories to apply.

This paper examines founding rates of commercial banking organizations in Denmark between 1846 and 1989 with two main analytical objectives. The first is to provide an empirical test of the claim that density-dependent legitimation operates more broadly than density-dependent competition in the context of processes of organizational founding. The second objective strictly connected to the first is to learn more about the implications of using alternative analytical strategies to capture the effects of legitimation on organizational founding rates in the context of a specific empirical study. Predictions of the standard model of density dependence in organizational founding rates are found to be strongly supported at more aggregate levels of analysis. Because founding rates of banks located in Copenhagen are negatively affected by national density, only partial support is found for the multilevel density-dependence model. Finally, the paper documents the effects of asymmetric patterns of community-like interdependence between organizational sub-populations defined on a spatial basis. The results of the study help to clarify selected aspects of the problematic relationship between density and legitimation across different levels of analysis.

The development of an online screen industry, dominated by a few American and Chinese streaming TV services and video-based platforms, triggers critical questions about the commercial and technological dependence of cultural producers within this industry. Drawing on research in media industries and platform studies, this paper develops a conceptual framework to systematically examine this dependence. Pursuing this aim, we propose to shift the focus from specific video platforms or streaming TV services as the starting point of the analysis to the perspective of cultural producers. Through a discussion of current research, we identify four major sources of dependence encountered by cultural producers in the online screen industry: (1) access to data, (2) algorithmic curation, (3) contractual relations, and (4) monetization. While we recognize that there are vital differences between platforms and streaming TV services, we argue that producers throughout the online screen industry face similar challenges in trying to navigate the four sources of dependence. In short, limited access to data and lack of control over content visibility put cultural producers in a fundamentally weak position vis-à-vis tech companies when negotiating contractual relations and terms of monetization.

Italy's political economy is characterized by international weakness and internal fragmentation and polarization. Since 1947, Italy's foreign economic policies have been defined by a broadly-based political and social coalition dominated by the Christian Democratic party (DC). This coalition has incorporated or maintained close links with ministerial bureaucracies, the Bank of Italy, state-controlled industrial and commercial enterprises, large corporations, and Catholic trade unions. It has attempted to foster a postwar climate receptive to business interests and to foreign investment; one which would facilitate the maintenance of a stable domestic political and social order. At the same time, the DC coalition is so fragmented by factionalism and personal competition that economic policy making has lacked direction and has been marked by personalism and by improvisation. Italian policy makers operate in a precarious environment in that they must use political and economic weaknessin order to mobilize the international assistance needed to maintain the internal social order as well as external economic survival.

The concept of dependence is developed by explication of the concept used in the Aston Programme, and by elaboration from new data. Data from a study of 66 companies in The Netherlands go beyond the Aston dependence scales to construct indices for three different types of commercial binding mechanisms as used by companies: (1) striving for active control of 'partners', (2) reacting to relations of dependence, and (3) safeguarding production rationality. Mintzberg's hypothesis regarding external control is tested and a new one regarding commercial ties and autonomy is offered. The existence of a large variety of interorganizational control mechanisms is em phasized.